5. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are the metabolic stages reserved for cellular respiration. 6. The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide is completed in the electron transport chain. 7. ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes the bulk of the ATP from ADP and Pi by chemiosmosis. 8. ATP synthase uses the energy of an existing hydrogen ion gradient to power ATP synthesis. 9. Phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores at least 14.6 kcal per molecule of ATP. 10. Citric acid cycle generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present or not, whether the conditions are aerobic or anaerobic.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
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