4. Game theory terminology Select the term that best describes each definition listed in the following table. Dominant Strategy Tit-for- tat Strategy Prisoners' Dilemma Nash Payoff Matrix Definition Equilibrium Collusion Game A case in which individually rational behavior leads to a jointly inefficient outcome A set of strategies (one for each player) in which each player's strategy is the best option for that player, given the chosen strategy of the player's opponents The event that occurs when agents in a game form an agreement about which strategies to implement A strategy in which a player cooperates until the other player defects and then defects until the other player cooperates again

4. Game theory terminology Select the term that best describes each definition listed in the following table. Dominant Strategy Tit-for- tat Strategy Prisoners' Dilemma Nash Payoff Matrix Definition Equilibrium Collusion Game A case in which individually rational behavior leads to a jointly inefficient outcome A set of strategies (one for each player) in which each player's strategy is the best option for that player, given the chosen strategy of the player's opponents The event that occurs when agents in a game form an agreement about which strategies to implement A strategy in which a player cooperates until the other player defects and then defects until the other player cooperates again

ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

14th Edition

ISBN:9780190931919

Author:NEWNAN

Publisher:NEWNAN

Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QTC

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Consider the following game. Which one of the following statements is FALSE? 1. There are 7 subgames in this extensive-form game. 2. There are 6 proper subgames in this extensive-form game. 3. (BK, CE) is a Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibrium. 4. (BK, DE) is a Subgame Perfect Nash Equilibrium
Consider the attached game depicted in Normal Form. Find one Nash equilibrium and verify that it is a Nash equilibrium. Note: 1. Remember to express the Nash equilibrium in the form of a strategy profile. 2. Use the definition of Nash equilibrium to verify that the strategy profile you find is really a Nash equilibrium.
Table 8. This table shows a game played between two players, A and B. The payoffs are given in the table as (Payoff to A, Payoff to B). A Select one: Up Middle Down Left (4,2) a. Middle-Center O b. Down-Center (3, 1) (1,3) B Center (2,5) (5, 3) (4,4) Refer to Table 8. This table shows a game played between two players, A and B. The payoffs in the table are shown as (Payoff to A, Payoff to B). Which of the following outcomes represents a Nash equilibrium in the game? Right (3, 3) (5,2) (6, 1) O c. Up-Left O d. More than one of the above is a Nash equilibrium in this game.
7. Which of the following is not true of the “Battle of the Sexes" Game? a. The predicted outcome demonstrates how independent and rational play by players can quickly reach an agreement or a convergence of expectations concerning which strategy will be played by each player in equilibrium. b. The Battle of the Sexes Game can be used to depict a variety of situations where the players' interests do not precisely coincide, except for the fact that they both want to avoid the outcomes that would result from choosing different actions from one another. c. Players do not have a dominant strategy but playing “Boxing" say, is a best response to the other playing "Boxing" even if it doesn't give the player the payoff associated with his or her preferred alternative. d. Played only once, the outcome where each goes to their preferred venue cannot be Nash Equilibrium.
1. Consider the following game matrix. Player A Answer: Top Bottom Left a, b e, f Player B Right c, d g, h (a) If top and left are strictly dominant strategies, then what do we know the relationship of the parameters? (b) If (top, left) is a Nash equilibrium, then what do we know the relationship of the parameters? Answer: (c) If top and left are strictly dominant strategies, will (top, left) be a Nash equilibrium? Why? Answer: (d) If (top, left) is a Nash equilibrium, must the strategies be strictly dominant strategies? Why? Answer:
Player 1 Cooperate (C) Defect (D) Cooperate (C) 3,3 8,0 Player 2 Defect (D) 0,8 1,1 In general, a combination of strategies is a Nash equilibrium if ... Every player is choosing a best response against the other players' strategies. Every player has a positive payoff. The players maximize the sum of their payoffs. The players choose identical strategies. If the game is repeated, which cooperative actions could benefit both players? O Both players choose C. Player 1 chooses C, Player 2 chooses D. O Player 1 chooses D, Player 2 chooses C. Both players choose D.
1. The table below shows a prisoner's dilemma in normal form. Players 1 and 2 each choose between D and C. D C D 2,2 1,10 10, 1 5,5 Answer the following questions. Remember to explain your reasoning. (a) If the game is played only once, what is the equilibrium in dominant strategies? (b) If the game is played three times in a row, what action does each player choose in every round? Suppose that the game is repeated indefinitely. The players do not discount the future. How- ever, the game ends with probability p € (0, 1) after each round. Assume that each player uses the following grim-trigger strategy. Each player chooses C in the first round. Each player chooses C in the current round if both players chose C in every previous round. Each player chooses D in the current round if either player chose D in some previous round. (c) If p = 1, is it optimal for each player to use the grim-trigger strategy above given that the other player uses the grim-trigger strategy above? [Hint: compare…
QUESTION 4 Suppose there are 2 players in a non- cooperative game theory situation. Player A can move Up or Down while Player B can choose Left or Right. The following matrix contains the payoffs that each player receives under 4 scenarios. The first number in each cell refers to the payoffs for Player A. Player A Up Down A. B. C. 10, 60 D. 20, 80 Player B Suppose Player A moves first and Player B moves second. There is one equilibrium, Up, Left Left There is one equilibrium: Down, Right. 50, 90 40, 50 There are two equilibria, (Down, Left) and (Up, Right) Right There is one equilibrium in this game, Up Right
7. Solving for dominant strategies and the Nash equilibrium Suppose Antonio and Caroline are playing a game in which both must simultaneously choose the action Left or Right. The payoff matrix that follows shows the payoff each person will earn as a function of both of their choices. For example, the lower-right cell shows that if Antonio chooses Right and Caroline chooses Right, Antonio will receive a payoff of 9 and Caroline will receive a payoff of 8. Caroline Left Right Left 8, 5 8. 7 Antonio Right 3, 6 9, 8 The only dominant strategy in this game is for to choose The outcome reflecting the unique Nash equilibrium in this game is as follows: Antonio chooses and Caroline chooses
Fred and Naomi are trying to decide how to spend Sunday. Their payoffs in terms of satisfaction are below. Fred's strategy Football Naomi strategy Football Movie There is no dominant strategy Dominant strategy is football Dominant strategy is movie There is no Nash equilibrium 5,3 1,1 Movie 0,0 3,5
1. Consider the following normal form game. X Y (a) What is the set of rationalizable strategies for this game? Player 1 Player 2 W Q 1,7 1,5 2,3 Z 3,4 0,4 0,6 R= (b) The game has only one Nash equilibrium and it is a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium. Compute and report this equilibrium. Equil. strategy profile:
Use the following payoff matrix for a one-shot game to answer the accompanying questions. Player 2 Strategy X Y Player 1 A 30, 30 16, -50 B -50, 16 50, 50 A. Determine the Nash equilibrium outcomes that arise if the players make decisions independently, simultaneously, and without any communication. check all that apply (16, −50) (−50, 16) (30, 30) (50, 50) Which of these outcomes would you consider most likely? multiple choice (16, −50) (50, 50) (−50, 16) (30, 30) B. Suppose player 1 is permitted to “communicate” by uttering one syllable before the players simultaneously and independently make their decisions. What should player 1 utter? multiple choice A or B What outcome do you think would occur as a result? multiple choice (−50, 16) (16, −50) (30, 30) (50, 50) c. Suppose player 2 can choose its strategy before player 1, that player 1 observes player 2’s choice before making her decision, and that this move structure is…