4. Describe the differences between the gram positive and the gram negative cell wall. Where is peptidoglycan found? Do eukaryotes have peptidoglycan? Where is the periplasm found? Where is the outer membrane found? LPS? Lipid A? Endotoxin? Can endotoxin induced shock? Does endotoxin have anything to do with septic shock? What are cytokines and what does a cytokine storm have to do with septic shock? How does an exotoxin differ from endotoxin? What does lysozyme do? Where is lysozyme found? What does penicillin do?

Q: What is the significance of biofilm presence on medical equipment?

A: Biofilms are a collective aggregation of one or more types of the microbial population together…

Q: 11. Gram-negative bacteria have a thick outer membrane and peptidoglycan layer. True or False.

A: Bacteria can be classified based on many criteria. One way is based on the thickness cell membrane.…

Q: Determine whether Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Serratia marcescens are gram-negative or gram…

A: On the basis of the staining procedure called Gram staining, bacteria can be classified as gram…

Q: Why is staining a specimen helpful for microbiologists? This is only done for laboratory decoration,…

A: Why is staining a specimen helpful for microbiologist?

Q: 5. Describe briefly, the course of a bacterial infection at the mucosal surface.

A: Microbes are consistently associated with our body surfaces. When these breach our body surfaces it…

Q: How do Salmonella cells induce ruffling?

A: Some dramatic actin rearrangements occur on the membrane surface which are induced by the Salmonella…

Q: 1. Illustrate the cell envelope for gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

A: Bacteria is a prokaryotic organism. They are unicellular and devoid of a true nucleus. That is their…

Q: The culture of cells outside of a whole organism has expanded our understanding of cell structure…

A: Introduction :- Culturing of cells is the important biological phenomenon of life sciences.It is the…

Q: 1. If your body contains so many bacteria, why do they not make you ill?

A: Our body contains millions of microorganisms since birth to adult life . Majority of bacteria…

Q: 4. Can you cure viral pneumonia?

A: Viral pneumonia is a term used to describe infection of lungs which is caused by a virus.An Example…

Q: Which TWO statements regarding viral infection are TRUE? O Viral particles may be shed during the…

A: Viral infection Proliferation of a harmful virus within the body. Viruses cannot reproduce without…

Q: + 13. Compare the following: Virus N/A Domain Size Genome (RNA, DNA, both) Organelles? Which are…

A: virus A length of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA), encased in a protein coat, makes up a virus. A…

Q: . Why is it helpful that the transmission compound light microscopes we studied in the lab are both…

A: A microscope is a scientific tool used to examine objects that are too small to be seen with the…

Q: Some antibiotics show no zone of inhibition against the microbe. How is this possible? Explain how…

A: The zone of inhibition is basically the circular area around the spot of antibiotic in which the…

Q: 1. How do pathogens use glycans to colonize and invade the host?

A: Glycosylation is a process of the addition of glycans to the cell surface to form a glycoconjugate.…

Q: The source of an infection is isolated in a laboratory Using an electron microscope, the pathologist…

A: Pathogens are those which causes diseases. (See next step for answer)

Q: Antibodies made against a bacterium's would bloick attachment to host cell surface receptors (best…

A: Antibodies are proteins that are formed by foreign antigens. These foreign antigens are capable of…

Q: Why are entamoebas a consideration in human health? What diseases do they cause?

A: BASIC INFORMATION  DISEASE It is basically the illness of the body. This affects our bodily…

Q: Different strains of Streptococcus pyogenes have different virulence factors, giving these microbes…

A: Streptococcus pyogenes is the leading cause of uncomplicated bacterial pharyngitis and tonsillitis…

Q: Is there an advantage bacterial diseases could provide? Explain why or why not.

A: Bacteria are a type of microorganism, which are tiny forms of life that can only be seen with a…

Q: Which of the following bacterial A-B exotoxins is a protease that cleaves important animal cellular…

A: A-B exotoxins are a group of toxins secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host…

Q: A patient suffers from conjunctivitis due to E. coli moving from the colon to the eye. What type of…

A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…

Q: What type of pathogen causes diseases such as ringworm, thrush, and athlete's foot? O bacteria O…

A: Ringworm is a skin infection that is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact. It is characterized by a…

Q: 12. Why are major pharmaceutical companies reluctant to develop new antibiotics for Gram negative…

A: Antibiotic are microbial compound which is secreted by the other microorganism and effective against…

Q: 1. You have read about many drugs used to treat bacterial infections. Explain why it is easier to…

A: Antimicrobial drugs are prepared while keeping in mind the specific target for those drugs. The…

Q: How is UV radiation a good type of control mechanism against microbial growth and what  happens to…

A: ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a type of non-ionizing radiation that is produced by the sun and…

Q: 3. How does the lymphatic system work and how does it participate in the immune response?

A: The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, nodes, and organs that play a crucial role in the…

Q: 14. Explain why Mycoplasma and Mycobacterium are atypical cells and diseases caused by each

A: According to the answering guidelines, I'm going to answer 1st question only. Please post the…

Archaeal cell structure

Bacteria and archaea are two different prokaryotic domains that, along with eukarya, make up the three domains of life. Archaeal organisms can be found all over the biosphere. Many genera are extremophiles, meaning they thrive in extreme environments such as extremely high temperatures, high salinity, or pH extremes. Bacterial and archaeal cells are characterized by the absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.