How was smallpox eliminated? Natural immunity? Vacination? Etc. Appreciate that viruses are obligate parasites and outside of a cell they are inert and cannot reproduce How does normal bacterial flora protect humans from disease? What are some of the main foods that are produced o by microbes What are the criteria used to call a disease an emerging infectious disease? What are the main differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? MCB Exam 1 Review What is the main reason why plants depend on microbes What is bioremediation What is meant by resolution of a microscope? Know examples of differential stains aced Fast Stain,and gram otain Know the sequence of simple stain and the steps of gram stain What factors could cause gram positive organisms toaopear like gram negative after staining? Know the stain for capsules and endospores Know examples of selective and differential media Understand the principle of immunofluorescence and it's uses What is biofilm and its uses by microbes Know the stages of the growth curve of bacteria. Which stage is most susceptible to antibiotics? What is the ideal temp and pH for most bacteria? neutral Fied What is are the differences bėtweeh the cell walls of gram negative vs gram positive bacteria. What is a fastidious organism? What enzymes are used by obligate aerobes to break down reactive oxygen species? Why are the lesions seen in leprosy closer to the digits and periphery? Which microorganism is known to cause stomach ulcers? What is unique about atypical bacteria such as mycoplasma? it doesn't have a ceil

Q: Consider that a certain antimicrobial drug prevents bacterial growth. However, when the drug…

A: ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS:- These are those chemicals which inhibits or kills the growth of variety of…

Q: Humans have learned through history how to use the abilities of microbes to their advantage.…

A: Microbes have a vital role in every aspect of life. They are significant in the environment,…

Q: Which of the following are called “microbes”, but are not made of cells? (Choose all that apply.)…

A: Schleiden and Schwann gave the cell theory to differentiate between living and non-living. The basic…

Q: Describe 4 ways bacteria have a positive impact in our lives.

A: Bacteria are our friends as well as foe. If they harm us by causing diseases and many problems, they…

Q: Drag each characteristic to the correct category. Viruses do not possess all the characteristics of…

A: Introduction :  A virus is composed of a core of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, that is…

Q: write down 6 things about the control of microbes.

A: Microbes are usually unicellular, microscopic and prokaryotic entities. For example Bacteria,…

Q: What similarities and what differences between the graphs? What antibiotics were the most…

A: These graphs are based on the observation of bacteria collected from cave and were tested for…

Q: Why are pandemics a relatively recent phenomenon in human history? International travel became…

A: Introduction A pandemic is defined as an endemic that has occurred in a vast region across the…

Q: different environments. Anerobic organisms need oxygen to survive, while aerobic organisms can…

A: Distinction of aerobic and anaerobic respiration depends on the oxygen requirement. There are two…

Q: Which of the following are more resistant to antibiotics? Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative…

A: Thermophilic bacteria, including hydrothermal vents in the ocean and hot springs, flourish in some…

Q: 3c. All eukaryotes have an associated microbiome, often including mutualistic associations that are…

A: Eukaryotes have more specialised functions compared to prokaryotes which although makes them better…

Q: Prions are Check All That Apply resistant to routine sterilization techniques. composed of protein,…

A: Prions are infectious protein particles. Prion proteins are designated as PrP. Normal non mutated…

Q: You conduct a gram stain on a bacterial culture. After counterstaining with safranin, cells are…

A: Gram staining is a technique of staining for classifying the species of bacteria.Gram staining helps…

Q: Viruses1. contain both protein and nucleic acid.2. infect all domains of life.3. can grow in the…

A: Viruses are microscopic parasites that lack the capacity to thrive and reproduce outside of a host…

Q: Some antiseptics and disinfectants can decrease the surface tension of bacterial cell walls, causing…

A: Antiseptics: An antiseptic is a substance that stops or slows down the growth of micro organisms.…

Q: 23. Why are broad spectrum antibiotics used as 1st choice in treating patients; ( mark the BEST…

A: Two types of antibiotics on the basis of there coverage of infectious diseases are:- 1. Broad…

Q: Which of the following is FALSE about biofilms? Can play a major role in human infections and…

A: Concept used:  Biofilms    Definitions required:  Biofilms - Biofilms can be defined as adaptations…

Q: The microbes discovered in Lake Whillans and Pitch Lake represented a few of the general categories…

A: Pathogenic organisms are of five main types: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms or…

Q: What happens when mice that have no microbes are inoculated with healthy fecal material from normal…

A: When germ-free mice receive fecal material from normal mice, they are essentially being introduced…

Q: Spirochetes Proteobacteria Cyanobacteria Planctomyces Bacteroides Cytophaga Thermotoga Aquifex (A)…

A: All biological organisms are broadly categorized into three major domains of life which are,…

Q: Develop your diagnostic key. as with any road map, there is more than one way to get to any…

A: The given question requires in-depth data diagnosis and interpretation for each specific species of…

Q: WHAT ONE ADAPTATION OF A MICROBE HAVE THAT ENABLES THEM TO SURVIVE LOW TEMP., HIGH PRESSURE. HIGH…

A: Introduction :-There are many different adaptations that microbes can have to survive extreme…

Q: Name the 3 cellular structures in microbe cells that are most frequently targeted by the…

A: For a variety of topical and hard surface applications, antiseptics and disinfectants are used in…

Q: What is the difference between a natural, semisynthetic, and synthetic antibiotic?

A: Drug resistance: When bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens survive against antibiotics by changing…

Q: Porins: O control what can pass through the gram negative cell wall O transport molecules through…

A: Answer: PORINS = These are the channels present in gram negative bacteria, These are found in the…

Q: After 2 weeks of antibiotics, the patient seems greatly improved and you discharge the patiel…

A: One of the rare kinds of illnesses occurring in humans is the Anthrax. The mainly affects the…

Q: Vaccines: Which vaccine below would you not give to a liver transplant recipeint? O attenuatued live…

A: Recipients of solid organ transplantation like liver transplantation are at risk of severe infection…

Q: Some antibiotics show no zone of inhibition against the microbe. How is this possible? Explain how…

A: The zone of inhibition is basically the circular area around the spot of antibiotic in which the…

Q: he immune system uses several types of effector modules to protect us against different categories…

A: Neutrophils are a type of granulocytic, white blood cell. Their contribution is about 40 to 70% of…

Q: W 1. Based on the content in lecture and your readings, explain the connection between your…

A: The microbiome refers to the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and…

Q: The beaches at a nearby lake have been closed because of high E. coli counts. The lake is surrounded…

A: Bacterial contamination cannot be detected by sight, smell or taste. The only way to know if a water…

Q: Some people may already be immune to a certain pathogen such that when they are exposed to that…

A: Koch's postulates are four criteria designed to establish a causative relationship between a microbe…

Bacterial Genomics

The study of the morphological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of the bacterial genome is referred to as bacterial genomics. This subdisciplinary field aids in understanding how genes are assembled into genomes. Further, bacterial or microbial genomics has helped researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and other microbes.

Transformation Experiment in Bacteria

In the discovery of genetic material, the experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith on Streptococcus pneumonia proved to be a stepping stone.

Plasmids and Vectors

The DNA molecule that exists in a circular shape and is smaller in size which is capable of its replication is called Plasmids. In other words, it is called extra-chromosomal plasmid DNA. Vectors are the molecule which is capable of carrying genetic material which can be transferred into another cell and further carry out replication and expression. Plasmids can act as vectors.