21. GABA, benzodiazepines and barbituates share a common receptor target and elicit similar pharmacodynamic responses yet are susceptible to different antagonists. Which property or process best explains this observation? a) The three molecules target different sub-types of the receptor b) The three molecules are different types of ligands (e.g. full, partial, inverse agonists) c) The three molecules have affinity for distinct binding sites on the receptor d) The three molecules activate different G-proteins e) The three molecules interact with different repressor proteins
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- 30. What do the pharmacodynamic mechanisms of the following four compounds share in common? Antihistamines Compoun Caffeine Naloxone a) They all reduce receptor activation by endogenous agonists b) They are all receptor antagonists c) They all bind to ion channels d) They all inhibit enzyme function e) They all activate transcription Propranolol19. Substances A and B have affinity for the same receptor but substance B is a full agonist whereas A lacks efficacy. When co-administered with A, the efficacy of B is reduced and remains the same when the dose of B is doubled. What type of ligand is substance A? a) Partial agonist b) Inverse agonist c) Non-competitive antagonist d) Competitive antagonist e) Positive allosteric modulator22. Xenobiotics Y & Z are agonists for a G-protein coupled receptor and tyrosine kinase receptor, rerspectively. When combined, cross-talk between activated signaling pathways can lead to which of the following types of interaction? a) Additive effects b) Antagonistic effects c) Synergistic effects d) b & c e) all of the above
- 13. Flumazenil is the antidote for benzodiazepine overdose, acting as a competitive antagonist at GABAa receptors in the CNS. The effective dose of flumazenil to treat overdose thus depends on which of the following benzodiazepine properties? a) Intrinsic activity and dose b) Receptor affinity and dose c) Selectivity and intrinsic activity d) Selectivity and receptor affinity e) Selectivity and doseWhich choice properly identifies how racemic epinephrine is prepared? A) Bovine epinephrine prepared for vetrinary use B) A mixture of 50% each of dextrorotery and levorotery epinephrine C) Epinephrine which has been specifically prepared for administration by injection D) A stabalized form of epinephrine that performs as a sympathetic agonist without the palpatations tremulousness and anxiety side effects1. Location of the following receptors. 2. Functions of these receptors 3. Neurotransmitters that work with these receptors 4. Most common drugs working with these receptors a) Adrenergic receptor b) Muscarinic receptors c) Serotonergic receptors d) GABA receptors e) Benzodiazepine receptors f) Cholinergic receptors g) Dopaminergic receptors h) Nicotinic receptors i) Opioid Receptors
- Which statement about glutamate and DA in regard to symptoms associated with schizophrenia is true? a.) Overabundance of glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function. b.) Insufficient glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function. c.) NMDA receptors have indirect excitatory effects on of midbrain mesolimbic DA neurons that project to limbic regions. d.) Schizophrenic symptoms are due to increased DA function in mesocortical neurons along with reduced DA function in mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons.Please answer both questions (a and b). Benzodiazepines such as diazepam and clonazepam act on GABAA receptorsand are commonly used to treat the symptoms underling anxiety disorders.a) Discuss the neurochemical changes associated with anxiety disorders.b) Discuss the mechanisms of action of benzodiazepine-based anxiolytics at GABAA receptors.1)The concept of saturation is defined as? a) The ability of a receptor to bind only one type or a limited number of structurally related types of chemical messengers. b) The degree to which receptors are occupied by messengers. c) A decrease in the total number of target-cell receptors for a given messenger d) The increased responsiveness of a target cell to a given messenger 2. Phosphodiesterase activity produces one of the following actions a) Breakdown cAMP b) Increases cAMP c) Increases PKC activity d) Increases cytosolic IP3 levels 3. Phospholipase C leads to one of the following? a) Increase in cAMP b) Breakdown of cAMP c) Increase in cytosolic levels of IP3 and DAG d) A decrease in cytosolic Ca++ concentration
- 7. Organophosphates, which are found in a lot of insecticides, block the activity of acetylcholineesterase. What might be a result of blocking this important enzyme? A)Hyperstimulation of the nicotinic receptor B)Accelerated ACh breakdown in the synaptic cleft C)Muscle paralysis due to limited activity in the muscle cell1. Ionotropic GABA receptors are ligand-gated Cl channels which open during GABA-ergic signaling. a) Describe how under normal circumstances the opening of these channels leads to an IPSP. Do this in the context of Eci. b) Some cells in the body express a Na*/K+/2Cl cotransporter which pumps Cl- into the ICF. Where these pumps are present, the same GABA receptor is actually excitatory. Again, in the context of Ea describe how the same receptor would be excitatory in cells which actively pump Cl- into the ICF. You do not need to repeat information you provided in part (a)Beta-blockers are used to treat cardiovascular disorders because they are antagonists at beta-adrenergic receptors. Within the cell this activity will be seen as? OA) Increased signaling via the G₁ protein B) Increased protein kinase A activity Decreased phospholipase C activity D) Decreased cAMP levels E) Increased inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate levels