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2.2. Describe what are missense mutations and its effects on structure and function using haemoglobin as an example
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- 6a. Complete this flowchart to describe an example of how different versions of a gene can result in different characteristics. In the DNA, different versions of the gene for a clotting protein have a different sequence of different sequence of . in MRNA different sequence of in the clotting protein different structure and function of the clotting protein different characteristics (e.g. normal clotting vs. hemophilia)1. What genetic changes can occur in bacteria to make them resistant to triclosan?2. How could the ability of bacteria to convert saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids be targeted by antibiotics?3. In a patient with tuberculosis carrying 1012 M. tuberculosis cells, (a) how many bacterial cells are expected to be resistant to isoniazid given a mutation rate of 1 in 108, and (b) how many bacterial cells are expected to be resistant to a combination of three antibiotics, assuming a similar mutation rate?4. Does the ability of cerulenin to stimulate fatty acid oxidation contribute to its antifungal effects?18) MUTATIONS: A. Explain the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation. B. Explain how the mutation (both a point mutation and frameshift mutation) might impact the production of proteins. C. Name one type of chromosome mutation and explain what it is.
- 4. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes some proteins of the ETC. Point mutations of mitochondrial genes can impair the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. One of the syndrome resulting from disorders of mtDNA-encoding protein is MELAS syndrome (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke). The carliest manifestations are the neurological and muscular abnormalities due to the greater dependence of brain, heart and skeletal muscle on mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Explain why 252 Chapter 5. Catabolism and cellular bioenergetics the levels of lactate and pyruvate are increased in MELAS syndrome. For the answer: a) discuss the respiratory control in ETC and significance of the ratio NADH/ NAD; b) describe the reactions of oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate; c) explain why the disorders in the structures of components of ETC leads to the activation of the reaction, which is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase.. Mutations in an autosomal gene in humans cause aform of hemophilia called von Willebrand disease(vWD). This gene specifies a blood plasma proteincleverly called von Willebrand factor (vWF). vWFstabilizes factor VIII, a blood plasma protein specified by the wild-type hemophilia A gene. Factor VIIIis needed to form blood clots. Thus, factor VIII is rapidly destroyed in the absence of vWF.Which of the following might successfully be employed in the treatment of bleeding episodes in hemophiliac patients? Would the treatments workimmediately or only after some delay needed forprotein synthesis? Would the treatments have only ashort-term or a prolonged effect? Assume that allmutations are null (that is, the mutations result in thecomplete absence of the protein encoded by the gene)and that the plasma is cell-free.a. transfusion of plasma from normal blood into avWD patientb. transfusion of plasma from a vWD patient into adifferent vWD patientc. transfusion of plasma from a hemophilia A…How we can Treatment Thalassemia by using gene therapy? Please answer at your own words,please..
- 32. A 23-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of weakness and muscle pain after vigorous exercise. His mother, sister, and grandmother have a similar condition; however, his father's sister and her children are unaffected. A muscle biopsy specimen shows ragged red fibers. This condition most likely results from a mutation in a gene located in which of the following labeled structures in the photomicrograph? 00 O O A) B) E) B A E D C ARC5. A human gene called the β-globin gene encodes a polypeptide that functions as a subunit of the protein known as hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is found within red blood cells; it carries oxygen. In human populations, the β-globin gene can be found as the common allele called the HbA allele, and it can also be found as the HbS allele. Individuals who have two copies of the HbS allele have the disease called sickle cell disease. Are the following descriptions examples of genetics at the molecular, cellular, organism, or population level? A. The HbS allele encodes a polypeptide that functions slightly differently from the polypeptide encoded by the HbA allele. B. If an individual has two copies of the HbS allele, that person’s red blood cells take on a sickle cell shape. C. Individuals who have two copies of the HbA allele do not have sickle cell disease, but they are not resistant to malaria. People who have one HbA allele and one HbS allele do not have sickle…1.create a Graphical Abstract to summarise the role of ALP in cancer? With imag