2-Caches are important to providing a high-performance memory hierarchy to processors. Below is a list of 32-bit memory address references, given as word addresses. a. For each of these references, identify the binary address, the tag, and the index given a direct-mapped cache with two-word blocks and a total size of 4 blocks. Also list if each reference is a hit or a miss, assuming the cache is initially empty. 42, 180, 46, 185, 189, 3, 181, 43, 6, 189, 65, 190 b. For each of these references, identify the binary address, the tag, and the index given a direct-mapped cache with four-word blocks and a total size of 4 blocks. Also list if each reference is a hit or a miss, assuming the cache is initially empty. c. For each of these references, identify the binary address, the tag, and the index given a two way associative cache with two-word blocks and a total size of 4 blocks. Also list if each reference is a hit or a miss, assuming the cache is initially empty d. For each of these references, identify the binary address, the tag, and the index given a four way associative cache with two-word blocks and a total size of 4 blocks. Also list if each reference is a hit or a miss, assuming the cache is initially empty e. You are asked to optimize a cache design for the given references. There are four direct-mapped cache designs possible, all with a total of 32 words of data: C1 has 1- word blocks, C2 has 2-word blocks, C3 has 4-word blocks , and C4 has 8-word blocks. In terms of miss rate, which cache design is the best? If the miss stall time is 25 cycles, and C1 has an access time of 2 cycles, C2 takes 3 cycles, C3 takes 5 cycles, and C4 takes 6 cycles, which is the best cache design? There are many different design parameters that are important to a cache's overall performance. Below are listed parameters for different direct-mapped cache designs. Cache Data Size: 64 KİB Cache Block Size:16 words Cache Access Time: 2 cycle f. Calculate the total number of bits required for the cache listed above, assuming a 32- bit address. Given that total size, find the total size of the closest direct-mapped cache with 4-word blocks of equal size or smaller. Explain why the first cache, despite its larger data size, might provide slower performance than the second cache.