18.21 (USCS units) A direct extrusion operation is performed on a cylindrical billet with initial diameter = 2.0 in and length = 4.0 in. Die angle = 60°, and die orifice diameter is 0.50 in. In the Johnson extrusion strain equation, a = 0.8 and b = 1.5. The operation is carried out hot, and the hot metal yields at 13,000 lb/in? and does not strain harden. (a) What is the extrusion ratio? (b) Determine the ram position at the point when the metal has been com- pressed into the cone of the die and starts to extrude through the die opening. (c) What is the ram pressure corresponding to this position? (d) Also determine the length of the final part if the ram stops its forward move- ment at the start of the die cone.

18.21 (USCS units) A direct extrusion operation is performed on a cylindrical billet with initial diameter = 2.0 in and length = 4.0 in. Die angle = 60°, and die orifice diameter is 0.50 in. In the Johnson extrusion strain equation, a = 0.8 and b = 1.5. The operation is carried out hot, and the hot metal yields at 13,000 lb/in? and does not strain harden. (a) What is the extrusion ratio? (b) Determine the ram position at the point when the metal has been com- pressed into the cone of the die and starts to extrude through the die opening. (c) What is the ram pressure corresponding to this position? (d) Also determine the length of the final part if the ram stops its forward move- ment at the start of the die cone.

Elements Of Electromagnetics

7th Edition

ISBN:9780190698614

Author:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.

Publisher:Sadiku, Matthew N. O.

ChapterMA: Math Assessment

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1.1MA

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Concept explainers

Forming and Shaping

Metal forming is a category of metalworking process through which the material can be given the desired shape and size by subjecting it to plastic deformation, where the component undergoes bulk deformation process upon application of loads. Unlike the shearing and machining process, the material does not undergo up to a failure point as indicated in the stress-strain curve. Hence, the stresses induced during the forming process are greater than yield strength but less than the failure strength of the material. The process does not lead to the loss of material, so it can be said to be an economical process. During forming, the material is subjected to tensile forces, compressive forces, bending, and shearing loading conditions. The material should possess the property of ductility to undergo the forming process.

Question

18.21 (USCS units) A direct extrusion operation is performed
on a cylindrical billet with initial diameter = 2.0 in and
length = 4.0 in. Die angle = 60°, and die orifice diameter
is 0.50 in. In the Johnson extrusion strain equation, a =
0.8 and b = 1.5. The operation is carried out hot, and the
hot metal yields at 13,000 lb/in? and does not strain
harden. (a) What is the extrusion ratio? (b) Determine the
ram position at the point when the metal has been com-
pressed into the cone of the die and starts to extrude
through the die opening. (c) What is the ram pressure
corresponding to this position? (d) Also determine the
length of the final part if the ram stops its forward move-
ment at the start of the die cone.

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3XPL@!N THE PROCESS @ND PROVIDE EXAMPLES FORMING OPERATIONS 1. Forging is mechanically working or deforming a single piece of a usually hot metal; this may be accomplished by the application of successive blows or by continuous squeezing. 2. Rolling, the most widely used deformation process, consists of passing a piece of metal between two rolls; a reduction in thickness results from compressive stresses exerted by the rolls. 3. Extrusion, a bar of metal is forced through a die orifice by a compressive force that is applied to a ram; the extruded piece that emerges has the desired shape and a reduced cross-sectional area. 4. Drawing is the pulling of a metal piece through a die having a tapered bore by means of a tensile force that is applied on the exit side.