4) mm in diameter. It is reduced by indirect extrusion to a 30 mm diameter. Die angle = 90°. In the Johnson equation, a = 0.8 and b = 1.5. In the flow curve for the work metal, strength coefficient = 250 MPa and strain-hardening exponent = 0.15. Determine (a) Extrusion ratio, (b) true strain (homogeneous deformation), (c) extrusion strain, (d) ram pressure, and (e) Chapter 18: Problem 18.17 (SI units) A cylindrical billet is 200 mm long and 100

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Forming and Shaping

Metal forming is a category of metalworking process through which the material can be given the desired shape and size by subjecting it to plastic deformation, where the component undergoes bulk deformation process upon application of loads. Unlike the shearing and machining process, the material does not undergo up to a failure point as indicated in the stress-strain curve. Hence, the stresses induced during the forming process are greater than yield strength but less than the failure strength of the material. The process does not lead to the loss of material, so it can be said to be an economical process. During forming, the material is subjected to tensile forces, compressive forces, bending, and shearing loading conditions. The material should possess the property of ductility to undergo the forming process.