16. Linus Pauling's conclusions about the effectiveness of vitamin C for preventing the common cold were based largely on the results of one small clinical trial that tested 1000 milligrams of vitamin C in a population of children participating in ski school in the Swiss Alps. Why did Dr. Lara say this was flawed? 1. The researchers used the wrong statistical analysis in their study of vitamin C supplementation in children at ski school. 2. There was no control group in the experiment of vitamin C supplementation in children at ski school. 3. It is not possible to draw conclusions about cause and effect from an observational study. 4. The results of vitamin C supplementation in a population of children exercising in extreme conditions may not be generalizable to the rest of the population.

16. Linus Pauling's conclusions about the effectiveness of vitamin C for preventing the common cold were based largely on the results of one small clinical trial that tested 1000 milligrams of vitamin C in a population of children participating in ski school in the Swiss Alps. Why did Dr. Lara say this was flawed? 1. The researchers used the wrong statistical analysis in their study of vitamin C supplementation in children at ski school. 2. There was no control group in the experiment of vitamin C supplementation in children at ski school. 3. It is not possible to draw conclusions about cause and effect from an observational study. 4. The results of vitamin C supplementation in a population of children exercising in extreme conditions may not be generalizable to the rest of the population.

Nutrition Now

8th Edition

ISBN:9781337415408

Author:Brown

Publisher:Brown

Chapter3: Ways Of Knowing About Nutrition

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 17RQ

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The 'control group' is an essential component of an experiment. This is because 1. A control group allows one to determine if a particular result is due to the experimental variable. 2. No, it's not essential in experimentation. A control group is not always necessary it depends on the experiment. 3. A control group allows for multiple variables to be tested at the same time. 4. A control group is required for the development of a prediction.
What is the purpose of randomization in a randomized controlled trial? a. To ensure that there are fewer adverse effects b. To ensure that participants are unaware as to whether they are receiving the medicine or the placebo c. To ensure that participants in the treatment group and those in the pacebo (or control) group are as similar as possible when the study begins d. To ensure that participants in the trial are representative of the target population
9. Was the control group valid? Why or why not? 10. Were the tenets of “Informed choice” (established after the Nuremberg Trials) used in obtaining subjects for this experiment? Why or why not? 11. How long was this study suppose to take? 12. How long did it actually continue? Why?
Which of the following statements is not true? a. Some RCTs may involve "cross-over" as part of their design b. Community trials may or may not involve randomization c. The participants for a randomized controlled trial must be randomly selected from the target population d. All RCT participants randomized into the treatment group and the control group must be included in data analysis, even if some of them did not complete the study
1. Briefly define each of the following terms that are associated with experimental studies. a. Randomization b. Reference population c. Single-masked study d. Double-masked study e. Run-in period f. Placebo and sham procedure g. Equipoise
1. What are the independent and dependent variables in each of the experiments? 2. What information should be added to the diagram to give the reader a better understanding of how these experiments were conducted? 3. What items should have been CONTROLLED in the experiments? 4. How much confidence would you have in the conclusion of experiment 3 if you found out that the temperature was not controlled? Explain your reasoning. 5. Create your own flow chart to answer a causal question.
1. How Spallanzani’s experiment different from Needham?
a) Does the data support your hypothesis? b) How could you improve this experiment? Consider the other factors you could have / should have controlled in this experiment.
Drug A is being tested for its effectiveness in easing menopause symptoms. In designing an experiment to test Drug A, which of the following would be a valid approach? a. Participants can choose whether to be in the experimental or control group. b. The experimental group will contain only females and the control group will contain only males. c. Unlike the experimental group, the control group should include subjects whose age is above 52 years. d. The experimental group will receive Drug A and the control group will receive a placebo.
1.________ errors may be avoided by ensuring that the tools that are used in the experiment are properly calibrated. 2. _______ errors can be minimized by conducting many trials
I answered with a and c but keep getting told its the wrong answer. Which of the following is not a component of effective experimental designs in the early stages of a scientific study? Select one or more: a. small sample sizes b. experimental groups taking a placebo c. double blind experiments d. short duration e. animal models f. repetitive testing
If only the person collecting the data knew who was receiving the pills and who was receiving the placebo, which of the following best describes the study type? A Control B Single blind C Double blind D Bias Answer is B. Single blind? Can you help me to explain to me step by step?