Please do just The problem 1 thank you 1. What physicochemical properties favor (1) glomerular filtration, (2) secretion, and (3) reabsorption of drugs in the kidney?2. Why is secretion the only process that can be saturated or competitively inhibited? What are the consequences of inhibition or saturation?3. Why can some drugs be excreted in the urine without the need for glomerular filtration?

The drugs are excreted from the body. Most of these can be easily excreted by the kidney. The drug can be excreted in various forms depending upon its state. The drug can be excreted in its original form as a metabolite too.1.The following can affect the filtration through glomerulus: Size of the drug or molecule to be filtered: The size larger than a specified diameter can not be filtered. The smaller size thus can be easily filtered. The functional state of the kidneys: The diseased kidneys or the dysfunctional kidneys can have defects in the filtration process. Combined state or non-free state: The free part of the drug is removed by the glomerulus filtration rapidly. The plasma proteins can be found to be combined with drugs that decrease their chances of filtration. The insolubility of the drug: The water-soluble drugs are easily excreted. 2. The non-bound state of the drug: This state can help tubules actively secrete them. There are many acid and base transporters involved in the secretion in the renal. The affinity of the drug with these transporters can enhance its chances of secretion through them. The more the flow of the blood, the more secretion is there. The renal dysfunctions affect this process and the tubular secretion is also affected in those cases. The drugs then might not be actively secreted by the tubules. 3. The non-ionized state of a drug: This affects the passive reabsorption as the non-ionized drug can be passively reabsorbed. The resemblance of the drug with other naturally occurring components or substrates: When a drug resembles such molecules or compounds like amino acids or glucose, it can be actively reabsorbed. The lower water concentration in the nephron: When there is a concentration gradient, a drug is passively absorbed. This can be more when there is a higher urine flow rate. This removes the water from the lumen of the tubules.