Enzyme kinetics
In biochemistry, enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. Catalysis is the addition of a catalyst to a chemical reaction to speed up the pace of the reaction. Catalysis can be categorized as either homogeneous or heterogeneous, depending on whether the catalysts are distributed in the same phase as that of the reactants. Enzymes are an essential part of the cell because, without them, many organic processes would slow down and thus will affect the processes that are important for cell survival and sustenance.
Regulation of Enzymes
A substance that acts as a catalyst to regulate the reaction rate in the living organism's metabolic pathways without itself getting altered is an enzyme. Most of the biological reactions and metabolic pathways in the living systems are carried out by enzymes. They are specific for their works and work in particular conditions. It maintains the best possible rate of reaction in the most stable state. The enzymes have distinct properties as they can proceed with the reaction in any direction, their particular binding sites, pH specificity, temperature specificity required in very few amounts.
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Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) are a type of stem cell that are generated from differentiated adult cells by reprogramming. An IPSC has the ability to differentiate into a wide range of cell types in the body, similar to embryonic stem cells. The reprogramming involves the introduction of specific transcription factors, such as Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (the Yamanaka factors), which reset the gene expression profile of the cells, giving them the ability of pluripotency.
The current clamp and voltage clamp methods are two fundamental techniques used to study the electrical properties of cells like neurons and muscle cells. It allows the researchers to investigate how cells generate, transmit, and respond to electrical signals.
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