1. What is the basis of separation of different DNA fragments by gel electro- phoresis? a. The positive charge on DNA b. The size of the DNA fragments C. The sequence of the fragments d. The presence of a dye for DNA ropli
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
![CHAPTER QUESTIONS
Q1: Choose the correct answer from the following
1. What is the basis of separation of different DNA fragments by gel electre
phoresis?
a. The positive charge on DNA
b. The size of the DNA fragments
C. The sequence of the fragments
d. The presence of a dye
2. Which of the following statements is accurate for DNA replication in veu
cells, but not PCR?
a. DNA primers are required.
b. DNA polymerase is stable at high temperatures.
C. Ligase is essential.
d. DNTPS are necessary
3. Why is the polymerase chain reaction used?
C. to ligate DNA
a. to amplify DNA
b. to cut'DNA
d. to separate DNA
4. For what purpose is DNA fingerprinting used?
a. to sequence DNA from bacteria
b. to separate DNA fragments
C.
to identify individuals who have committed crimes
d. to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms
5. Which of the following is used to cut DNA molecules in specific locations?
a. cloning vectors
b. cloning enzymes
C. restriction enzymes
d. polymerase chain reaction
6. What is the term used for inserting a healthy copy of a gene into a person
who has a defective gene?
a. cloning vector
b. gene therapy
C. recombinant DNA
d. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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