1. The sympathetic nervous increases the heart rateby binding to F-type Na channels and increasingNa* conductance through these channels. What arethe phases of an action potential in the pacemakercells of the heart? What channels are involved ineach phase? Explain.

Introduction: The brief sequence of events in the membrane potential following excitation is…

Answered: 1. The sympathetic nervous increases…

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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Only one is correct Contraction of cardiac muscle is initiated during which phase of the fast action potential? What ion mediates this effect? A. Phase 0 due to Ca++ entry B. Phase 1 due to Na+ entry and K+ exit C. Phase 2 due to Ca++ entry D. Phase 4 due to K+ exit Group of answer choices Phase 2 due to Ca++ entry Phase 1 due to Na+ entry and K+ exit Phase 0 due to Ca++ entry Phase 4 due to K+ exit
5. Describe the conductions of electrical signals through the heart. answer this question with a narrative of the structures involved in initiating and coordinating the contraction of the heart. You need to include the function of each structure. Mention pacemaker cells, the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, internodal pathway, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, first degree block, second degree block, and third degree block.
Caffeine lowers the heart rate by increasing rates of depolarization at the SA node True False Nicotine raises the heart rate because it stimulates the activity of the sympathetic neurons in medulla oblongata True False The Frank-Starling Law of the Heart states that the force of heart contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of the muscle fiber, within optimal limits of length True False If the sarcomeres stretched beyond the optimal length, the force of contraction would go down, but that can potentially happen only during open heart surgery when the heart is not constrained by the pericardium, lungs, ribs and diaphragm. True False It is the Na+ channel-driven spontaneous depolarization that is affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs to speed up or slow down the firing rate of the SA node and other conductive cells. True False
1)The endogenous ligand epinephrine binds to alpha1 receptors in the vasculature and increases blood pressure. Which of the following correctly matches the drug to the expected in vivo effect? Group of answer choices alpha1 receptor negative allosteric modulator: decrease blood pressure alpha1 receptor antagonist: no effect on blood pressure alpha1 receptor agonist: decrease blood pressure 2)The endogenous ligand for an ion channel causes the influx of 50 Na+ ions per second. This ion channel has constitutive activity of 10 Na+ ions per second. If drug A binds to the ion channel and causes the influx of 50 Na+ ions per second, which of the following categories best describes drug A? Group of answer choices full agonist antagonist partial agonist inverse agonist
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7. Explain the role of the autonomic divisions in control of heart rate.
Explain alpha1/2 and beta1/2 receptors in the heart
3. During phase 1 of the cardiac contractile cell: electrochemical K+ efflux is offset by electrochemical Na+ influx O chemical gradient K+ influx is nearly offset by electrostatic K+ efflux O there is a net electrochemical K+ efflux O chemical gradient K+ efflux is nearly offset by electrostatic K+ influx
2. This is not and will not be graded
please identify one feature (resting membrane potential, the voltage at a particular point of the action potential, the types of ions moving through voltage-gated channels...) of a neuronal action potential or skeletal muscle sarcomere contraction, and relate it to the action potential or contraction of an SA node cardiocyte or a non-SA node cardiocyte ("regular" cardiocyte). Identify whether this feature is similar to the cardiocyte or different.
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1. The sympathetic nervous increases the heart rate by binding to F-type Na channels and increasing Nat conductance through these channels. What are the phases of an action potential in the pacemaker cells of the heart? What channels are involved in each phase? Explain.