INTL431 Research Paper Philip Grawzis

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Intelligence-Led Policing 1 Intelligence-Led Policing Philip Grawzis INTL431 Dr. Hager August 20, 2023

Intelligence-Led Policing 2 Intelligence-led policing (ILP) is a framework that is utilized in controlling and preventing various criminal activities. It was also developed to prevent the violence within certain regions by using the practical assessment of managing factors of risk (Rich, 2018). ILP has the ability to leverage certain technological approaches within typed of data by collecting and analyzing it in order to create valuable information that can assist in the prevention of crime. Data that has been collecting and analyzed through ILP will also help push law enforcement in the right direction in order to accurately use their resources in crime prevention (Burcher & Whelan, 2018). If ILP is going to be successful, it must be able to rely on a sustainable combined effort between police officers, law enforcement agencies, and the local population that can give information that can be used to combat crime within their communities. Some researchers would say that ILP is one of the most important concepts that can be used by law enforcement which will allow them to successfully stop and fight crime in their area. One of the reasons ILP is so widely used and preferred over other methods is its ability to prevent and control crimes before they even happen (Peterson, 2005). The research on ILP provide and in-depth analysis by giving a thorough history, up to date Intel research methods, and combining intelligence techniques. A vast number of countries around the world, to include the United States and the United Kingdom, have been known to use a responsive strategy as their main approach to policing before ILP came around. But, because agencies across the globe were certain that crime was in fact outgrowing available police resources in the higher developed countries across the globe, it was determined that there need to be a creation of demand gap that allowed the creation of a much newer policing approach. This would allow agencies to efficiently use all available resources in combatting crime in their area. In the 1990’s we began to see the early development of ILP within the UK (Ratcliffe, 2017). There were people who opposed the new police strategy

Intelligence-Led Policing 3 and complained that it was taking more time to respond to a specific event. The felt police should be focused on the repeat offenders. There were a lot of citizens that felt the UK was filled with far less people that contributed to the amount of property crimes in the area. Because of this, the development of ILP allowed police officers to dedicate less time to the already existing crimes that had limited resources and dedicated more of their time to creating and implementing the development of collection units (Peterson, 2005). These information collecting units would help contribute to the complex analysis of crimes across the country. Burcher and Whelan came to the conclusion that the reasoning behind the UK adopting the ILP strategy was also due to internal reasons within their government. One of the major external reasons that led to the UK adopting the ILP strategy was the lack of their ability to have a reactive policing strategy that could deal with the constant changes of globalization. These massive transformations created and increased chances for the planning and execution multinational crime while eliminating all the methods of both technological and physical barriers across the political sphere (BJA, 2008). There was also a shared understanding that there was a major number of changes happening between the police, public, and the private security world. It was clear that public police officers were losing the battle against crime on their streets. The lack of control by these police officers in the UK would also add to the loss of the public’s trust (Carter & Fox, 2018). By not holding policer officers responsible for executing their roles they were able to use what resources they had available inefficiently. There were a lot of critics that believed in order to be more effective police agencies would need to put their focus on the need to capture criminals over being able to address their crimes. Because of this there was a report that was document by the UK Audit Commission in 1993 as well as the investigation of constabulary in 1997. Both mentioned the need for rapid

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Intelligence-Led Policing 4 changes in policing that will be able to address the major challenges in rapid crime (Burcher & Whelan, 2018). The report pushed for the increased use of surveillance, intelligence, and crucial informants to allow the successful targeting of offenders. This would allow police officers within the UK to fight crime more effectively. One of the first police forces in the UK to actually implement the ILP was Kent Constabulary, a police force that operates for Kent County England. They used the ILP as a method of response to the overflowing reduction in budgets and the rising threats of property crimes. The officers at Kent Constabulary pushed their efforts in focusing on pre-existing property crimes and the criminals conducting them. By focusing their efforts of the prevention of crimes the Kent police department allowed themselves the ability to reduce their crime by a massive 24% (Rich, 2018). Because of their success it didn’t take long for other countries to begin adopting the same concept. After the successful reports in different comparative studies in the 1990’s, the United States would soon begin the ILP model throughout their police forces Carter & Fox, 2018). However, further studies would go on to show that the ILP model would not become popular and useful to the United States until after the September 11 th terrorist attacks (Burcher & Whelan, 2018). Before this horrific attack that would change our nation, most police agencies across the country would share little to no information with one another. But the need for constant communication and data sharing across the government became clear to include between the three arms of the government. The ability to communicate with each other became even more necessary when utilizing effective strategies that would allow us to prevent crime (Cowan, Burton & Moreto, 2019). Because of this, the majority of police agencies in our country would implement this process using the top-down method. These days, the ILP methos is working more as an information-based systems that allows law enforcement agencies and their officers the ability to prevent crime and similar incidents

Intelligence-Led Policing 5 across our country. According to Rich (2018), our countries ILP model is very simple with their crime prevention methods by keeping a simple way in which agencies analyze data collected from different statements, data bases, and records. This allowed the to create trends and patterns across the country. We see different types of law enforcement agencies working together in order combine data that is collected from different sources and put them into actionable strategic knowledge that will help with the decision-making process. With this type on Intel the police departments will be able to pursue the correct types of actions, strategies, and be able to use all resources that work with crime prevention (Peterson, 2005). The ability to collect data is very vital in allowing us to develop a plan that will be able to prevent certain crimes along with being able to seek out offender through constant investigations. The ILP strategy is still one of the more popular strategies used today by agencies across the globe in the prevention of crimes within their own community. Zercoe (2018) made a comment that in order for the ILP to thrive there must be a constant collection of data across a wide range resource. But they must use this data to assist them in the prediction and understanding of certain threats within their community. In order to effectively implement the ILP model police agencies must be able to use a wide variety of intelligence. Some of the techniques that can be used are hot spot policing, community-oriented policing, the problem- oriented policing and the partnership model of policing (Jones, Ruddell & Summerfield, 2019), which will be discussed below. Hot spot policing is an ILP related crime prevention product that has to do with the targeting of resources, and it covers all the activities that have to do with high rates of crimes. A hot spot is a certain area where a crime tends to happen more than others which enables that crime to be predictable for at least one year. Because of this hot spot policing works based off

Intelligence-Led Policing 6 the theory that the crimes occur is a small geographic area versus being spread out across evenly across neighborhoods. Findings from similar studies show that pinpointing essential resources and activities in certain areas works with the intended purpose of stopping crime and predetermined areas while possibly decreasing the rate of crime in larger geographic areas (Jones et al., 2019). The police forces will typically use a large number of activities in certain areas with the aim of preventing future crimes. Having the ability to keep good law and order is the typical approach that is used to different police agencies across the United States. But this process can only begin with a more in-depth assessment going over the needs of the intended target’s location before they are able to develop a way to counter it. As an example, you may see police agencies increase their number of police officers available in order to increase their crime prevention initiatives (Braga et al., 2012). You will typically see these officer increasing their daily patrols, more drug enforcement raids, and an increase search and stoppage of illegal firearms in their aera. We have seen law enforcement officers in other regions such as New York conduct legal operations such as stop and frisks with the goal of seeking out possible offenders and stopping them from preventing crimes in the future (Fallon, 2013). Law enforcement has also been seeing using a zero-tolerance policy, which has the ability to utilize a preassigned punishment on every law broken, which is becoming more popular across our country. Community-oriented policing (COP) is a crucial element of ILP that has the goal of building community ties and working closely with one another in order to prevent crimes (Waddington, 2007). The main goal of COP is for the police officers to be able to build strong bonds with their community by have a constant communication with local agencies and the public. These types of engagements are key to creating a long partnership and strategies that can

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Intelligence-Led Policing 7 reduce, control, and prevent certain crimes and activities. Overall, most would agree the implementation of COP is wanted between the community and law enforcement agencies because of its effectiveness in reducing crime across the nation. As an example, policing in the community will help build skills and increase competence among police officers (Jones et al., 2019). The majority of these skills will directly work with collecting useful intelligence and information sharing which is a key part of ILP. One of the first skills which is environmental scanning, goes over the process for collecting information about different types of crime that has happened in the community and other various threats. Environmental scanning is key because it has the ability to allow police officers the ability to create counterstrategies for crime (Waddington, 2007). Because of this, police officers are now able to conduct patrols in their communities through different methods like walking, bikes, or vehicles to Identify possible threats. An additional skill if effective communication which allows the sharing of information between necessary personnel to include police officers and other agencies (Cowan et al., 2019). With effective communication, police officer has the ability to create a stinger understanding of a crime in their area before creating counter measures. The final approach is the involvement of local citizens in order to identify crime and control it. This requires the entire community to remain alert and report any type of suspicious activity that they might witness (Jones et al., 2019). COP requires that all citizens maintain all these approaches in order for the steps taken by law enforcement will remain successful. The partnership policing model is possibly one of the most important portions of the ILP. This model requires the partnership between local, state, and federal agencies in order to effectively fight crime. This model goes off the bias that a good partnership between these

Intelligence-Led Policing 8 agencies will help them utilize necessary resources that will end up helping them stop crime and other illegal activities (Carter & Carter, 2009). But this model also requires that there is a constant partnership between agencies with a continuous flow of information which will allow all agencies access to that information (Ratcliffe, 2017). With a lack of shared information between agencies there will be poor execution of strategies and they will not be able to prevent crime. The problem-oriented policing (POP) approach covers the analysis and identification of certain crimes in order to come up with a solid response method (Zercoe, 2018). POP means that law enforcement officers need to remain positive in their procedures with identifying the main problems in order to address the associated crimes. Because of this law enforcement needs to invest a substantial amount of time in research and analysis with the publics involvement if they are going to reduce problems within their community. They will need to focus their research on the specific problems within their community. As an example, police officers would need to assist repeat victims a crime but at the same time detaining the repeat offenders. Additionally, local law enforcement needs to effectively look over the issue at hand in order to come up with effective responses and solutions (Ratcliffe, 2017). POP also requires that police officers do follow-up exercises in order to maintain their effectiveness in preventing crimes. There is a growing need to maintain the effectiveness of preventing crime globally and it is a crucial factor that contributes to the combining of intelligence techniques (Byrne & Marx, 2011). There is an increased focus from researchers on the need to create more evidence-based approaches that will create a better process for collecting information and preventing crimes. Technology is a vital tool that has a major impact on how we collect information and prevent crimes. As an example, using technology and data plays a crucial role in in collecting

Intelligence-Led Policing 9 intelligence and being able to control crimes (Home Office, 2016). A major intelligence method that is used by criminologist to prevent crime is data analytics. The data typically comes from electronic devices that people tend to use in their daily activities like their cellphones or a tablet. The data can be critical in the prevention of a crime. For instance, your phone can transmit your location by connecting to Wi-Fi that will allow police to track a criminal (Ratcliffe, 2017). There must be the appropriate data collecting before analysts can accurately determine that person is a criminal. Data analytics is an approach that can stop crime in certain ways. By using the predictive police approach police agencies can push out more officers to stop crimes in hot spots (Home Office, 2016). By using electronic devices, we can share information to different agencies like hospitals, arrests made that can help identify vulnerable people (Fallon, 2013). Finally, the use of data analytics is needed to figure out what type products, people, services or systems have been exposed to certain crimes. The first approach to this would involve the use of conducting digital investigating. This would happen through open-source information like going over the behaviors of a possible criminal on social media (Home Office, 2016). Analysts would need to look over seized items like the computers or cell phones. Secondly using forensics would assist the police in effectively stopping major crimes, slow down the rate of burglary, and fraud. They would accomplish this by gaining a better understanding on how criminals commit crimes (Ratcliffe, 2017). There is the digital video approach which would allow the police to closed-circuit television or the use of a body camera which would allow them to record communicating with the public and collect information at crime scenes. All this information is needed in the prevention of crime. Body cameras are becoming more useful in seeing issued causing domestic violence and being able to prevent them

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Intelligence-Led Policing 10 (Home Office, 2016). Horizon scanning is a developing method that uses different ways in crime prevention. The use of drones provides rapid intelligence and allows it to quickly be used as evidence (Braga et al., 2012). There is also digital encryption which encodes data resulting in the prevention of an unauthorized access. Imtelligence-led policing is slowly becoming the top method in crime prevention across the globe. When ILP was first created in the UK in the 1990’s it created an amazing shift between the typical reactive policing approach to a more singular approach which a much more effective crime prevention strategy. As a result of the September 11 th terrorist attacks, the ILP procedure became more popular in the United States. It became crucial in maintaining relationship between law enforcement agencies and their ability to prevent crimes. Today intelligence related methods still include problem-oriented policing strategy, partnership model, the hop spot, and community-oriented policing. But with the combining of data and data analytics along with other advances in technology scanning methods we will soon see these approaches replaced.

Intelligence-Led Policing 11 References: Burcher, M. & Whelan, C. (2018). Intelligence-led policing in practice: reflections from intelligence analysts. Police Quarterly, 1(2), 1-22. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327294043_Intelligence- Led_Policing_in_Practice_Reflections_From_Intelligence_Analysts. Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA). (2008). Reducing crime through intelligence-led policing. The United States Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://bja.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh186/files/Publications/ReducingCrimeThroughILP. pdf. Byrne, J. & Marx, G. (2011). Technological innovations in crime prevention and policing: A review of the research on implementation and impact. Cahiers Politiestudies, 3 (20), 17- 40. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/238011.pdf. Carter, D. L. & Carter, J. G. (2009). Intelligence-led policing: Conceptual considerations for public policy. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 20(3), 310-325. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/46958201.pdf. Carter, J. G., & Fox, B. H. (2018). Community policing and intelligence-led policing: An examination of convergent or discriminant validity. Policing: An International Journal, 1(2), 1-31. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329626158_Community_Policing_and_Intellig ence-Led_Policing_An_Examination_of_Convergent_or_Discriminant_Validity. Cowan, D., Burton, C. M., Moreto, W. (2019). Conservation-based intelligence-led policing: An intra-organizational interpersonal examination. Policing: An International Journal of

Intelligence-Led Policing 12 Police Strategies and Management, 1 (1), 1-16. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330636448_Conservation- based_intelligenceled_policing_An_intra-organizational_interpersonal_examination. Fallon, K. (2013). Stop and frisk city: How the NYPD can police itself and improve a troubled policy. Brooklyn Law Review, 79 (1), 321-345. Retrieved from https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=blr. Home Office. (2016 March). Modern crime prevention strategy. [Online]. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_ data/file/509831/6.1770_Modern_Crime_Prevention_Strategy_final_WEB_version.pdf. Jones, N. A., Ruddell, R., & Summerfield, T. (2019). Community policing: Perceptions of officers policing indigenous communities. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 61 (1), 41-65. https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/full/10.3138/cjccj.2017-0060.r2. Ratcliffe, J. H. (2017 November). Intelligence-led policing. Australian Institute of Criminology. Retrieved from https://aic.gov.au/publications/tandi/tandi248. Waddington, P.A.J. (2007). Community policing. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice , 1 (2), 129–131. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/policing/article/1/2/129/1566111 . Zercoe, C. (2018 July). Policing in the 21st century: Ten steps to effective intelligence-led policing (ILP). Police One. Retrieved from https://www.policeone.com/policeproducts/ communications/articles/10-steps-to-effective-intelligence-led-policing-ilp- 92QpzqCLSOY4NRjh/.

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INTL431 Research Paper Philip Grawzis

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