Mid Term Assignment #1

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Jan 9, 2024

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C. Kiessling 1 Mid-Term Assignment: Question 1 Colonial Era: The colonial era dates to the early settlements until the creation of the United States of America after the Revolutionary War. During this timeframe, the colonies used the Poor Laws as a basis for social welfare policy in the New World. The Poor Laws set the basis for the colonies' view that children were the responsibility of the family, especially the father. Paren Patriae is a term that represents the sentiment of that time that came from the Poor Laws and it meant that the state/government was the father only if no other option available (Bergner 2006). Fathers were the head of the household and that included responsibility for child welfare and even education of children. The colony would resolve its issues within its community by placing orphan, poor, and delinquent children with other families who were paid with free labor, this was a process called binding or apprenticeship(Stern 2012). The community would be able to remove children from families/fathers that were not providing for its children effectively (Module 4 Lecture). Almshouses were created and utilized at the end of this era as urban populations grew and the need for more social welfare protection especially the poor minority/immigrants. In order to receive assistance at the Almshouses work was a requirement to help offset the colonies' burden and children were often sent out for apprenticeships with worthy families (Stern 2012). Children were viewed as property in this era to be taught obedience and servitude based on Calvinist religious theory and remained in this light until the next century (Module 4 Lecture). Civil War Era and Reconstruction: The early 19 th century hosted a large change in social welfare concepts affecting children as more children were becoming vulnerable in society as war and industrialization affected family life (Stern 2012). This era ushered in a view of children being a valuable asset to society and now the mother's responsibility within the family system (Module 7 Lecture). Women in the middle of this era suffrage movement to obtain women's

C. Kiessling 2 rights within society. Institutions were now the answer for at-risk children for example orphanages, almshouses, and asylums became the standard cure for pauperism as it was referred to during this time. Outdoor aid was no longer seen as beneficial and the movement toward indoor relief was made during this era. The state was now attempting to control the social problem of poverty through institutional systems controlled by charities and government programs but as the Era ended so did the movement to remove children and other vulnerable populations from almshouses and institutional settings as reformers saw the influence on children as negative and reinforcing pauperism (Stern 2012). Dorothea Dix was a major figure in advocating for the separation of juveniles within the legal system with specific reformatories for only children (Module 5 Lecture). Progressive Era: As the nation moved from the 19 th to 20 th century the perspective on child welfare will change again. Child saving and the view that children were vulnerable and in need of protection started to surface and became the basis for child welfare. Public education was a monumental policy reform that came out of the government taking responsibility for educating the youth as an investment for the future of the nation and the creation of the Federal Children’s Bureau in 1912 (Stern 2012). Charity Organizations and Settlement Houses became the new institutions during this time period promoting children to better themselves from their families' pauperism. The government is now in the position is remains in today as the government sets the precedent for child-rearing. Julia Lathrop is a historical figure during the Progressive era that helped establish the juvenile court system to protect delinquent children from the adult system (Vimont). This era had profound effects on child welfare but is marked by criticism that these policies and systems are filled with cultural bias causing acculturation toward white Puritan Anglo values of the time (Ashley).

C. Kiessling 3 References Ashley Trautman, Janet L. Finn, & Jen Molloy. (n.d.).Social Justice. (2008). In Encyclopedia of Social Work (20th ed.). Oxford University Press. Module 4, 5 and 7 Lectures Social Welfare Policy Course Rutgers, University Stern, M. J & Axinn, J. (2012). Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need (8th ed.). NY: Pearson “The Case of Maria and her Son’s” The New York Times. July 23, 2006. Daniel Bergner. Retrieved: https://a6948-33088519.cluster346.canvas-user-content.com/courses/6948~248092/ files/6948~33088519/course%20files/The_case_of_Marie_and_her_Sons- New_York_Times.htm? context_id=6948~248092&context_type=Course&download=1&id=69480000033088519&inlin e=1 Vimont, Michael. (February 9, 2015) History of Hull House Part 1. [video] YouTube: https://youtu.be/8aFyTcXVAr8?si=s2EFWumeRyZkIhtO

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