RSCH 8210D Week 2 Discussion (1)

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Week 2 Discussion Mean Age: 42 The relationship between average family income and race in constant displayed in the bar graph. The utilization of a bar graph in the data display is a positive aspect. Bar graphs are used to illustrate the distribution of cases within particular categories ( Wagner, 2020) . Wagner, III, W. E. (2020). Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Week 2 Assignment Introduction to Quantitative Analysis Based on the results of your data, provide a brief explanation of what the implications for social change might be. Early in your Assignment, when you relate which dataset you analyzed, please include the mean of the following variables. If you are using the Afrobarometer Dataset, report the mean of Q1 (Age). If you are using the HS Long Survey Dataset, report the mean of X1SES. Using the Afrobarometer Dataset, I compared the relation between the level of democracy with the gender of the respondent collected from African countries including all regions. The mean of Q1 for the level of democracy is 5.52. The mean of the gender of respondents is 1.50 between male and female. Based on the results of the data, the implications for social change are the difference in democracy for males and females in African countries. Lack of democracy for females can lead to an already dramatic effect on health and the rights to express their views. Males have a higher level of democracy than females according to the data. One can make the decision that there is room for equity in democracy for males and females in African countries and regions. Figure 1 displays the case processing summary with included and excluded number of valid observations for the level of democracy in relation to the gender of the respondents. Figure 2 shows the descriptive statistics for the number of valid observations, the mean and standard deviation. Figure 3 includes a relationship map between both variables. Figure 1 Figure 2

Figure 3

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Week 3 Discussion For my continuous variable: Using the General Social Survey datasets, the continuous variable I am analyzing is family income in constant dollars . The reported mean is $48, 290, the median is $40, 645, and the mode is $40,645. The better measure for central tendency is the mean when data or the variable is continuous because all values will be considered and any change will alter the value. The standard deviation is $43,654.162. The variable family income in constant dollars yields data that is variable. Family income can be shown in many different units and can also take on another value. The data can be described as continuous and specific in describing the number of families receiving a specific income. The research question this variable helps answer that might inform social change is, “How does family income affect student academic success?”

The following is information for my categorical variable: Using the General Social Survey datasets, the categorical variable I am analyzing is race of respondents . The reported mean is 1.35, the median is 1.00, and the mode is 1. The better measure for the central tendency is the mode when data or the variable is

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categorical because the mode is the only tendency for categorical variables. The standard deviation is .657. The variable race of respondents yields data that is not variable. Race of respondents can not be shown in many different units and can not take on other values. The data can be described as categorical and include frequencies. The research question this variable helps answer that might inform social change is, “How does race of student families affect student academic success?” Week Three Assignment Data Afrobarometer Dataset - Level of Democracy and Gender Using the Afrobarameter data sets, the continuous variable I am analyzing is the level of democracy in African countries. The reported mean is 5.52, the median is 5.00, and the mode is 5. When the data or variable is continuous, the mean is a better indicator of central tendency because all values are examined and each change affects the value. The standard deviation is 2.883. The variable level of democracy yields data that is variable. The level of democracy can be shown in many different units and can take on other values. The data can be described as continuous and include frequencies. The research question this variable helps answer that might inform social change is, “How does the level of democracy affect the daily quality of life for children in African countries?”

Using the Afrobarometer Dataset, the categorical variable I am analyzing is the gender of respondents . The reported mean is 1.50, the median is 2.00, and the mode is 2. The better measure for the central tendency is the mode when data or the variable is categorical because the mode is the only tendency for categorical variables. The standard deviation is .500. The variable gender of respondents produces non-variable data. The gender of respondents cannot be shown in a variety of units and cannot take on other values. The information is categorized and includes frequencies. The research question this variable helps answer that might inform social change is, “How does gender affect the level of democracy in African countries?”

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Week 4 Discussion Using SPSS: 1. Take a random sample of 100. 2. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the variable. 3. Calculate a 90% confidence interval. 4. Take another random sample of 400. 5. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the variable. 6. Calculate a 90% confidence interval. Post your results, the mean of Age to verify the dataset you used, and an explanation of how different levels of confidence and sample size affect the width of the confidence interval. Next, consider the statement, “Confidence intervals are underutilized” and explain what the implications might be of using or not using confidence intervals. Provide examples based on the results of your data. Also, use your research to support your findings.

Confidence Interval (CI) refers to the range of values that a sample population represents. The confidence level refers to the likelihood that the sample population's mean will properly represent the population (Frankfort-Nachmias et al., 2020). Even though it is counterintuitive and can be as misconstrued as any p-value used in a statistical study, the confidence interval (CI) can be used as a statistical tool to check for a margin of error (Magnusson, n.d.). The variable that interests me from the General Social Survey dataset is family income in constant. After taking the random sample of 100 for the variable family income in constant, I calculated the 95% confidence interval and populated the following results: 95% CI mean interval lower bound is $35,769 and the upper bound is $52,929. The median is $31,927 and the standard deviation is $41,892.125. The variable that interests me from the General Social Survey dataset is family income in constant. After taking the random sample of 100 for the variable family income in constant, I calculated the 90% confidence interval and populated the following results: 90% CI mean interval lower bound is $37,170 and the upper bound is $51,528. The median is $31,927 and the standard deviation is $41,892.125. The variable that interests me from the General Social Survey dataset is family income in constant. After taking the random sample of 400 for the variable family income in constant, I calculated the 95% confidence interval and populated the following results: 95% CI mean interval lower bound is $30,170 and the upper bound is $37,280. The median is $26,015 and the standard deviation is $34,842. The variable that interests me from the General Social Survey dataset is family income in constant. After taking the random sample of 400 for the variable family income in constant, I calculated the 90% confidence interval and populated the following results: 90% CI mean interval lower bound is $30,714 and the upper bound is $36,704. The median is $26,015 and the standard deviation is $34,842. Resources Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Magnusson, K. (n.d.). Welcome to Kristoffer Magnusson's Blog About R, Statistics, Psychology, Open Science, Data Visualization

After Taking a Random Sample of 100: Calculate the 95% confidence interval for Family Income in Constant

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After Taking a Random Sample of 100: Calculate the 90% confidence interval for Family Income in Constant

After Taking a Random Sample of 400: Calculate the 95% confidence interval for Family Income in Constant

After Taking a Random Sample of 400: Calculate the 90% confidence interval for Family Income in Constant

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Week 4 Assignment 95% sample of 100

90% sample of 100

95% sample of 400

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90% sample of 400 The range of values represented by a sample population is referred to as the confidence interval (CI). The confidence level denotes the possibility that the mean of the sample population will accurately represent the population (Frankfort-Nachmias et al., 2020). Despite its counterintuitive nature and potential for misinterpretation, the confidence interval (CI) may be used as a statistical tool to check for a margin of error (Magnusson, n.d.). The variable that interests me from the Afrobarometer dataset is level of democracy today . After taking the random sample of 100 for the level of democracy today , I calculated the 95% confidence interval and populated the following results: 95% CI mean interval is 6.72. The median is 7.00 and the standard deviation is 2.603. When taking the random sample of 100 for the level of democracy today , I calculated the 90% confidence interval and populated the following results: 90% CI mean interval is 6.72. The median is 7.00 and the standard deviation is 2.603 as well as the 95% CI. When taking the random sample of 400 for the level of democracy today , I calculated the 95% confidence interval and populated the following results: 95% CI

mean interval is 5.99. The median is 6.00 and the standard deviation is 2.898. Finally, when taking the random sample of 400 for the level of democracy today , I calculated the 90% confidence interval and populated the following results: 90% CI mean interval is 5.99. The median is 6.00 and the standard deviation is 2.898 as well as the 95% CI of the random sample of 400. Week 5 Discussion Board ● A research paper claims a meaningful contribution to the literature based on finding statistically significant relationships between predictor and response variables. In the footnotes, you see the following statement, “given this research was exploratory in nature, traditional levels of significance to reject the null hypotheses were relaxed to the .10 level.” In order to analyze this footnote, the determined p-value and the sample size were chosen for the test will need to be provided. This could indicate the level at which this study produces significant results and how credible the study is and could be. The link between predictor and responder variables is statistically significant (Frankfort-Nachmias et al., 2020). The standard levels of significance were reduced to 0.10. The significance threshold is decreased from the typical level in this footnote. Therefore diminishes the trust in the study. The level of significance refers to the 5% significance level that is commonly utilized in research (Wagner, III, 2020). In conclusion, the study is 90% certain that a link exists between the predictor and responder variables. As a result, the significance threshold is reduced to 10% in order for the results to be statistically meaningful. Frankfort-Nachmias, C., Leon-Guerrero, A., & Davis, G. (2020). Social statistics for a diverse society (9th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Wagner, III, W. E. (2020). Using IBM® SPSS® statistics for research methods and social science statistics (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Week 6 Discussion Write a 3- to 5-paragraph critique of the article. In your critique, include responses to the following: ● Which is the research design used by the authors? ● Why did the authors use this t test? ● Do you think it’s the most appropriate choice? Why or why not? ● Did the authors display the data? ● Do the results stand alone? Why or why not? ● Did the authors report effect size? If yes, is this meaningful? Riley, D. G. (2020). A Quantitative Examination of Traditional and Alternative Special Education Teacher Preparedness with a Concentration on Teacher Enrollment across Kentucky and Southern Regional Board States (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Cumberlands). The article I critiqued is titled, “ A Quantitative Examination of Traditional and Alternative Special Education Teacher Preparedness with a Concentration on Teacher Enrollment across Kentucky and Southern Regional Board States.” by Donna G. Riley. Riley’s research takes a look at teacher shortages and how it relates to teacher preparedness ( Riley, 2020) . The research design used two independent t-tests to determine any differences in courses between alternative and traditional teaching programs. The two independent t-tests were completed in schools that offered traditional and alternative teaching programs ( Riley, 2020) . The data from teacher surveys to show teacher preparedness in their initial special education teaching positions was conducted as an independent t-test. In addition, two variances were analyzed to look at Kentucky special education teacher programs. In all, six independent t-tests were conducted to compare and contrast the teacher program enrollment in other states ( Riley, 2020) . Riley used the t-test because she wanted to compare the means of the following groups: teacher preparedness as it relates to choosing the traditional versus the alternative teacher route to get a special education teaching position. Though the choice is appropriate, the study did not

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display the data yielded from the t-test and study. The results do not stand alone because there were limitations in the study due to the limited amount of programs and literature related to special education teachers in the state of Kentucky. The author reported surveying 47 out of 173 schools in the state of Kentucky and schools had to have been willing to participate for a bigger sample size ( Riley, 2020) . Week 6 Assignment ● Based on each of the three research scenarios provided, open the High School Longitudinal Study dataset or the Afrobarometer dataset from this week’s Learning Resources using SPSS software, then choose and run the appropriate test. Write a 2 to 3-paragraph analysis of your t test results for each research scenario and include the SPSS syntax and output. If you are using the Afrobarometer Dataset, report the mean of Q1 (Age). If you are using the HS Long Survey Dataset, report the mean of X1SES. Do not forget to evaluate if the t test assumptions are met, justify the selection of type of t test, and report the effect size. Based on your results, provide an explanation of what the implications of social change might be. Given three scenarios, they will be evaluated for the t-test findings. T-tests are predicated on the nature of the findings. The kinds of research issues may also be resolved by the t-test. The independent sample, paired sample, and one sample t-tests will all be considered. In the first scenario, African citizens' perceptions of the current level of democracy can be measured by the administration of correlation research. The nation by region serves as the independent variable. The degree of democracy that exists today is the dependent variable in the study. Because the sample size is greater than 50 and is probably distributed randomly through the use of the Afrobarometer Data Collection. The null hypothesis is "the level of democracy is equal to or more than 6," the hypothesis is "the level of democracy is less than 6." Using the 2015 Afrobarometer, the perception about current levels of democracy is statistically different from a value of 6.

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In the second scenario,

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RSCH 8210D Week 2 Discussion (1)

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