Kempa CRM 1300 Practice Midterm

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University of Ottawa *

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1300

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Sociology

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Apr 3, 2024

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On the exam, you will have 6 short answer questions (3 paragraphs of 3-5 sentences), each worth 5 marks, for a total of 30 marks on the exam (the exam is out of 30 and worth 30% of your final grade). The below multiple choice questions will prepare you for the short answers: 1. _______ Theorists believe that laws represent the agreement of most of the people in society A. Consensus theorists B. Class conflict theorists C. Symbolic interactionist D. Critical theorists 2. People tend to grossly overestimate the likelihood of criminal victimization because: A. The media misrepresent crime because their primary goal is to attract viewers and readers in order to make profits through selling advertising B. We have seen a resurgence in private actors in the governance of crime C. A and B D. None of the above: people generally hold accurate representations of the likelihood of being victimized 3. True or false: from a conflict perspective, government policies that create poverty and homelessness could be considered crimes based on violations of human rights. 4. If you were forced to steal thousands of dollars from your place of work in order to pay an individual who is threatening to harm your mother, you might be acquitted using this defense: A. Desperation B. Self-Defense C. Provocation D. Duress E. Necessity F. Stupidity 5. All of the following issues must be addressed before records can be converted into statistics except: A. Consensus about the unit of count

B. Consensus about how to combine the data C. Consensus about what specific information should be collected D. All of the above issues must be dealt with before statistics are calculated 6. True or false: cultural explanations for aboriginal overrepresentation in the justice system emphasize the lack of certain traits in aboriginal culture that are valued by the dominant "white" culture 7. Cesare Beccaria’s work "On Crime and Punishments" focused on: A. Evidence-based scientific criminology B. The theoretical and practical underpinnings of rehabilitation C. The cruelty and inhumanity of the criminal justice system of his time D. Advocating harsh punishments E. The development of a rational system of punishments premised upon the social contract F. C and E 8. According to Cesare Lombroso, an "atavist" is: A. A person with a high drive for success B. A slow witted person with knobbly ankles C. A person who seeks social change D. A biological throwback to an earlier evolutionary era E. A criminal female 9. Which of the following features of the criminal justice system have been influenced by the Positivist School of criminology? A. Probation B. Parole C. Indeterminate sentences D. Uniform criminal codes E. A., B., and C 10. Twin studies have shown that hereditary factors associated with criminality are stronger among: A. Women compared to men B. Twins from lower social classes compared to those from higher social classes C. Twins from urban areas compared to those from rural areas D. all of the above E. none of the above 11. Most psychological theories of crime focus on:

a. The individual level b. The small group level c. The organizational level d. The institutional or community level e. The macro level f. Any of the above, except e. 12. In Eysenck’s theory, a cold, antisocial, unemotional person scores high on A. Introversion B. Eroticism C. Extroversion D. Psychoticism E. Stability 13. Durkheim argues that crime exists in every society because a. There are always some evil people in every society b. Crime is needed to define the boundaries of acceptable behavior and reduce anomie c. Law enforcement officials rely on criminals for their livelihood d. rules are made to be broken 14. For Merton, crime in America is the result of: a. The culturally prescribed goals of American society b. The socially structured means for reaching aspirations c. The gap between A and B d. The overlap between A and B 15. According to Richard Cloward, the adaptation that has the fewest barriers to entry for working-class youths is: a. The conflict subculture b. The retreatist subculture c. The criminal subculture d. The college subculture e. The furries subculture 16. According to instrumental Marxists, the most important factor affecting the definition and enforcement of criminal law is: a. Social class b. Powerful and influential moral entrepreneurs c. Public opinion

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d. The long-term needs of the market e. none of the above 17. What is the main role of the state, according to structural Marxists? A. to ensure that profitable government contracts are awarded to their friends in big business B. to ensure that all lawbreakers are found and punished C. to maintain capitalist relations in the long term D. all of the above E. none of the above Practice Short Answers: (1) Compare and contrast the labelling and strain theory approaches to the problem of crime. Are they macro or micro in focus, consensual or conflictual? What do they regard as the sources of crime? What do they say we should do to help reduce crime in our society? Which approach do you think is most accurate/important and why? (2) Compare and contrast Instrumental, Structural and Left Realist Marxist theoretical approaches to the problem of crime. Are they macro or micro in focus, consensual or conflictual? What do they regard as the sources of crime? What do they say we should do about the problem of crime? Which approach do you think is most accurate/important and why?

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