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Apr 3, 2024

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1 Final Research Report Julia Knach California Southern University PSY87540: Statistical Methods and Analysis Dr. Lori Bednarchik July 20, 2020

2 Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between levels of education and relationship happiness. There have been many studies done on the level of education and overall satisfaction of life; however, not as many studies have been done on the relationship between education level and relationship happiness. The few studies that have been done indicate that college students, in particular college educated women, are more likely to have a longer lasting, happier relationship (Musick, Brand, & Davis, 2012, Weng, 2015, and Mihalcea, Iliescu, & Dinca, 2013). Data was provided by the course Mentor using an internet source. Results indicated a positive weak correlation between education levels and relationship happiness. A regression analysis indicates that there is a small relationship between relationship happiness and education level . The results are discussed along with strategies to further investigate the relationship between education and relationship satisfaction. Keywords: education, happiness, relationships

3 Introduction Happiness is defined as a state of well-being or contentment, or a pleasurable or satisfying experience (Merriam Webster Dictionary, nd). Happiness is a concept that has been difficult to define on both a global and individual level. One’s subjective happiness is different from another person’s subjective happiness, and the factors that influence this difference are not always easy to explain. Science has long been interested in what makes individuals happy. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) met in November 2018 to discuss the need to develop a scale strictly for happiness, stating that the gross domestic product fails to represent levels of well-being (Kyonne, 2019). The World Happiness Report ranks countries based on a personal and singular concept question about happiness (Kyonne, 2019). Researchers have used several synonyms as a way to describe relationship satisfaction, including marital quality, success, happiness, compatibility, and companionship (Nwafor, 2016). About half of first marriages in the United States are able to survive 20 years, and research has proven that college educated women have an almost eight in ten chance of still being married after 20 years (Weng, 2015). This level drops to 48% for women who have a high school education or less (Weng, 2015). Much of the research based on individual levels of happiness come from the study of governments, their levels of expenditure, corruption, unemployment, inflation rates, taxes, and income tax (Kyonne, 2018); however, at an individual level, there is no significant research on what makes an individual happy. There has been much research on an individual’s level of satisfaction in life and how educational levels influence their rates of happiness. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between levels of education and relationship happiness. The research data in this

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4 study were provided for the investigator by her Mentor and included an equal number of men and women. Literature Review In a study conducted by Mihalcea, Iliescu, and Dinca (2013), the authors investigated the levels of influence a couple’s educational levels have on how they rank their relationship satisfaction. The authors studied couples from Romania and used the Dyadic Adjustment Scale to evaluate their quality of their marital relationships. The results from this study indicated that when individuals have graduated from a University, their levels of understanding the importance of factors such as money, religion, and time spent together predicted greater satisfaction in relationships. The inverse was found, poorer and lower educated individuals were associated with denying unmarried relationships and preferring marriage. Musick, Brand, and Davis (2012) investigated the variance in the relationship between education and marriage. The authors investigated how diversity in schools’ influences marriage formation among individuals. The researchers used data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and found a statistically significant positive trend in effects of college attendance, with the largest positive increase seen in higher levels of education and lower positive effects seen in lower levels of education. Cruz, Abalos, and Cruz (2016), investigated the difference in spouse age and education in marriage satisfaction and health in older individuals. The data came form the 2007 Philippine Longitudinal Study of Aging and found there was no significant difference among Filipino older individuals according to their income and no significant difference in marital satisfaction and the difference in age or education.

5 Finally, Nwafor (2016) investigated the influence of couple’s educational achievement on marital satisfaction. The author used participants from five different faculties at the University of Nigeria and used the Marital Satisfaction Scale. The results from this study indicated that educational attainment of a spouse did significantly influence marital satisfaction. Hypotheses Given the research investigated and reviewed above, this study will examine the following hypotheses. H1: Relationship happiness will not differ depending on education level. H2: Relationship happiness will differ depending on education level Method Participants The sample included both males ( n = 200; 20%) and females ( n = 200; 50%), who identified predominately as being married (59.3%) verses single (40.8%). The mean for relationship happiness was 3.9 with a standard deviation of 1.030. Relationship happiness was ranked as well with individuals reporting being very unhappy (4.0%), unhappy (4.0%), mixed (22.8%), happy (37.0%), and very happy (32.3%). The type of relationship ranged from dating several people (2.3%), dating one person (13.0%), long-term committed relationship (25.5%), and married (59.3%). Participants age ranged from 21 years old to 63 years old. Participants educational status ranged from no high school (0.8%), high school graduate (8.5%), some college (32.3%), College graduate (29.0%), some graduate school (8.5%), MA/MS (15.3%), and doctorate (5.8%). The

6 mean for education was 4.05 with a standard deviation of 1.4. Data was collected between the years 2004 to 2007. Results H1: Analysis of Regression A linear regression (test of association) was run to test for the influence of education level (IV) on relationship happiness (DV). The test was significant, F (5.509), sig.= 0.019. Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .117 a .014 .011 1.02458 a. Predictors: (Constant), Education ANOVA a Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 5.783 1 5.783 5.509 .019 b Residual 417.807 398 1.050 Total 423.590 399 a. Dependent Variable: Relationship happiness b. Predictors: (Constant), Education H2: Correlation A Pearson correlation was used to test for the relationship between education and relationship happiness. The correlation was weak, positive, and significant, r = .117, p < .05, r2 = .014.

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7 Correlations Education Relationship happiness Education Pearson Correlation 1 .117 * Sig. (2-tailed) .019 N 400 400 Relationship happiness Pearson Correlation .117 * 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .019 N 400 400 *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Discussion There are many factors that influence relationship happiness, including educational levels, socioeconomic status, government influence, and overall general satisfaction in life. One of the main draw backs to the study of happiness is the inability of different tests to include an individual specific criteria question, regardless of outside influences or cultural diversity. The above research adds to the current research field noting that educational levels do have a small but significant effect on relationship happiness. The null hypothesis will be rejected based off the results, indicating a weak positive correlation. Future suggestions for research would include examine exact levels of educational attainment on relationship happiness. The ability to create a happiness scale that encompasses more than one specific question and allows for individual variation would be helpful to best determine what factors contribute to a persons everyday happiness.

8 References Ruiu, G., & Ruiu, M. L. (2018). The complex relationship between education and happiness: The case of highly educated individuals in Italy. Journal of Happiness Studies , 20 (8), 2631–2653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-018-0062-4

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