Lit Review Outline

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School

Georgia Military College *

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Course

5010

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Sociology

Date

Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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HPRB 5010 Mark Lauritsen Literature Review Outline Introduction Health Issue ● Exposure to maltreatment and other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) heightens the likelihood of negative health outcomes in adulthood, such as increased risks of cancer, liver disease, substance abuse, and depression. 1 ● Findings suggest that Black children and children whose mothers had lower levels of education were especially prone to experiencing multiple categories of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). 1 ● There are prospective connections between perceived racial discrimination (PRD), evaluated at four distinct time points spanning childhood to adolescence, in addition to evaluations of PRD from law enforcement (referred to as 'hassling'), and self-disclosed incidents of arrest and incarceration. 2 ● Instances of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and perceived racial discrimination (PRD) are perceived to be occurring at all levels of education ● An expanding body of research has shown that when schools impose suspensions on students, instead of serving as a deterrent, the suspension functions as an enhancer of subsequent punishments. 1 ● The source of disparities in educational achievements in the United States stems from the convergence of escalating poverty, resegregation, as well as disparities in funding and resources across schools. 2 Target Population

HPRB 5010 Mark Lauritsen ● School aged African Americans in the United States Research Question ● To what extent does racial bias influence the educational attainment of African American students in the United States, and what are the potential connections between such biases and adverse health outcomes in the future? Methods ● A search was conducted through the UGA library database for peer-reviewed journal articles from 2014-2024. ● 10 articles were found through UGA library database ● The study's selection criteria were that they had to be peer-reviewed, published within the last ten years, targeting the population of school aged African Americans in the United States, and relevant to the factors that contribute to racial bias in education as it relates to negative health outcomes. ● 3 sources were related to racial bias upper level/graduate acceptance ● 3 sources were related to school discipline ● 2 sources were related to resegregation and inadequate funding in inner city schools ● 2 sources were related to how exposure to racial bias can lead to negative health outcomes ● Searches: “racial bias in education AND african americans AND united states” ● 1 source is a literature review ● 3 sources were surveys ● 2 sources were qualitative studies ● 1 sources were prospective cohort studies

HPRB 5010 Mark Lauritsen ● 1 sources are longitudinal cohort studies ● 2 sources were cross-sectional studies Results School Discipline ● Black and Hispanic individuals consistently faced a higher likelihood of being arrested subsequent to a suspension when compared to their White counterparts. 3 ● schools not only tend to resort to suspension more frequently to address the conduct of Black students, but the negative consequences linked to this approach, particularly in terms of subsequent arrests, disproportionately affect Black and Hispanic students compared to their White counterparts. 4 ● Suspending students does not enhance school safety, nor does it yield educational advantages for those who are not subject to suspension. 5 Acceptance to Upper Level/Graduate Education ● Aspiring Black physicians have concerns about the safety of the training environment for individuals of their ethnic/racial background, a perception reinforced by interactions that serve as reminders of their outsider status 6 ● A study revealed that having shaving waivers in the USAF was linked to a notably extended duration for promotion, and individuals of Black/African-American descent were disproportionately impacted by this phenomenon 7 ● a perception among active-duty USAF members with a shaving profile that the inability to closely shave has had adverse implications on their career, with a disproportionate impact on individuals with skin of color. 8

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HPRB 5010 Mark Lauritsen Resegregation and Inadequate Funding in Inner City Schools ● an increasing proportion of children from low-income households enroll in school districts characterized by concentrated poverty, presenting significant educational challenges. 9 ● In many major American cities, most African American and Latino students go to public schools where at least 75% of students come from low-income families. 9 ● Data indicate that socioeconomic factors account for almost 86% of the black-white math gap and entirely explain the reading gap at the beginning of kindergarten. The study also reveals that black students actually score higher in reading than white students with the same socioeconomic status. 10 Discussion Limitations ● Limitations of this Literature Review include the presence of self reported surveys, which could include personal bias ● There is a limited amount of research on viewing various negative educational experiences as a causal relationship to negative health outcomes ● Some of the results in this literature review had smaller sample sizes, which could be difficult to use when attempting to generalize for an entire population Conclusion ● There is still major disparities in education between African American students and their white counterparts

HPRB 5010 Mark Lauritsen ● Factors like school discipline, graduate level acceptance and inadequate funding in minority populated schools lead to lower rates of academic achievement, which lead to negative health outcomes such as depressive thoughts, substance abuse, cancer risks, and ● Further research could focus on experimental ways to decrease racial bias in our school systems including teacher and administration education and giving adequate funding to schools serving impoverished areas, and liver disease References 1. Hunt, T. K. A., Slack, K. S., & Berger, L. M. (2017, May). Adverse childhood experiences and behavioral problems in Middle Childhood . Child abuse & neglect. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5436949/ 2. Gibbons, F. X., Fleischli, M. E., Gerrard, M., Simons, R. L., Weng, C.-Y., & Gibson, L. P. (2020). The impact of early racial discrimination on illegal behavior, arrest, and incarceration among African Americans. American Psychologist , 75 (7), 952–968. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000533 3. Fisher, B. W., & Widdowson, A. O. (2023). Racial and ethnic differences in the consequences of school suspension for arrest. Criminology , 61 (3), 622–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12344 4. Gerlinger, J. (2021). “exclusionary discipline and school crime: Do suspensions make schools safer?” Education and Urban Society , 54 (7), 797–822. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131245211050346

HPRB 5010 Mark Lauritsen 5. Monahan, K. C., VanDerhei, S., Bechtold, J., & Cauffman, E. (2014). From the School Yard to the squad car: School discipline, truancy, and arrest. Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 43 (7), 1110–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0103-1 6. Wyatt, T. R., Rockich-Winston, N., White, D., & Taylor, T. R. (2020). “changing the narrative”: A study on professional identity formation among Black/African American physicians in the U.S. Advances in Health Sciences Education , 26 (1), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-020-09978-7 7. Ritchie, S., Park, J., Banta, J., Bowen, C., McCarthy, S., Wong, E., Garnier, R., & Beachkofsky, T. (2021). Shaving waivers in the United States Air Force and their impact on promotions of Black/African-American members. Military Medicine , 188 (1–2). https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab272 8. Banta, J., Bowen, C., Wong, E., McCarthy, S., Beachkofsky, T., May Franklin, J., Park, J., & Ritchie, S. (2020). Perceptions of shaving profiles and their potential impacts on career progression in the United States Air Force. Military Medicine . https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa554 9. Gustafson, C. E., Johnson, C. J., Beck Dallaghan, G. L., Knight, O. J., Malloy, K. M., Nichols, K. R., & Rahangdale, L. (2023). Evaluating situational judgment test use and diversity in admissions at a southern US medical school. PLOS ONE , 18 (2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280205 10. Reardon, S. F., Weathers, E. S., & Robinson-Cimpian, J. P. (2014). Patterns and trends in racial/ethnic and socioeconomic academic achievement gaps. Handbook of Research in Education Finance and Policy , 519–538. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203961063-39

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