Copy of Challenge and Change Chapter 4 Review

1. What is deviance? What four factors affect whether something is considered deviant? ➔ Deviance is behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society ➔ However, an act that is considered deviant in one society or culture may be considered normal in another ➔ Standards of deviance vary from one group to another, based on these factors 1. Location: talking loudly in church vs. talking loudly at a party 2. Age: a 5 year old crying in a supermarket vs. a teengager crying in a supermarket 3. Social status: a celebrity can skip to the front of the line to get into a club vs. a non - celebrity trying to do the same 4. Individual societies: in North America being overweight may be seen as deviant vs. other cultures that may see thinness as deviant 2. What does stigma mean? ➔ Negative stereotypes, labels, judgements and prejudice that can lead to discrimination 3. Describe the two types of social control (internal and external). ➔ Internal social control: is developed during the socialization process and lies with the individual. You are practicing internal social control when you do something because you know it is the right thing to do or when you don’t do something because you know it would be wrong ➔ External social control: is based on social sanctions. Positive sanctions, such as smiles, words of approval and awards are used to encourage conformity. Negative sanctions, such as criticisms, fines and imprisonment, are intended to stop socially unacceptable behavior 4. What is the functionalist perspective on deviance? How is it positive or negative? ➔ According to functionalists, deviance is a common part of the human existence, with both positive and negative consequences for society Negative: Deviance can erode trust; a society with suspicion and distrust cannot function smoothly. If not punished or corrected, deviance can cause more nonconforming behavior Positive: punishments established within a culture help to define acceptable behavior. Ex: a parent loses their child due to neglect - shows how parents need to act 5. What is the labelling theory of deviance? ➔ Deviants are people who have been labeled as such by others ➔ Primary deviance involves any norm or rule breaking behavior a person engages in ➔ Secondary deviance is behavior that is a reaction to having been labeled a deviant, individuals identify themselves as deviants and other people label them as deviant and treat them accordingly 6. What is the conflict perspective of deviance? ➔ Based on Marxist idea that in a capitalist society, the criminal justice system protects the power and privilege of the upper class, the upper class passes laws designed to benefit themselves, which are detrimental to the working class ➔ Both groups commit acts of deviance, but the system that capitalists created, defines deviance differently for each group ➔ The activities of poor and lower-income individuals are more unlikely to be defined as criminal than those of peop;e from middle and upper income backgrounds. Ex- welfare fraud = criminal charges, professionals commiting fraud = dicriplinary action from a committee of their peers. Conflict theorists becleive that the criminal jutice system treats suspects differently on the basis of the racial and ethic backgrounds 7. Describe Robert Merton’s theory regarding deviance and subcultures. What are the 5 different types of subcultures? Merton believed that deviance is a naturally occurring element in society and society itself is usually the major cause of deviance. He believed that social norms place pressure on the individual to conform to expected behavior. This forces the individual to either work within the structures of society or break the mainstream culture and seek alternative means of achieving a goal or expressing individuality. This drive may lead individuals to subcultures A subculture is an alternative system of values and beliefs that goes against the mainstream cultural and social beliefs Types Definition Example Conformists ● Accept the cultural goals of their society and the means by which to attain these goals ● They follow society’s rules ● Lawyers - attend university, go to law school, practice with other lawyers and then write an exam. They accept this path Ritualists ● Accept the means and standards necessary to achieve the goal but may not necessarily accept the cultural goals of society ● Someone may have the necessary education and skills for a particular job but will reject steps to move forward in that job. They are happy to be successful without being the best in the industry Innovators ● Although their goals are in line with society, innovators will not accomplish them using the acceptable channels and traditional means. They establish new behavior ● Eventually come to dominate the market because of ideas or methods ● Steve Jobs ● Mark Zuckerberg Retratists ● Individuals who have chosen to disengage from mainstream culture ● They do agree with the common cultural goals of their society and live among groups like them ● Hippies in the 1960s who believed in liberal values and went against authority Rebels ● Openly reject the cultural goals of their society, and the means by which one is expected to attain those goals ● Try to transform the world by challenging and recreating the cultural norms and goals that govern society ● Occupy protests - people protesting on wall street and bay street against the richest one percent 8. What does Emile Durkheim use the word “anomie” to describe? What are negative and positive effects of alienation? Sociologists Emile ➔ Negative effects of alienation Create anarchists - people who act against society because they are alienated. Extreme examples: ● Columbine shooters ● Theodore Kaczynski - also known as the unabomber, an american terrorist who attempted to fight against what he perceived as the evils of technological progress by sending mail bombs to various people ● Alienation can be so severe that people just give up and accept life in the margins of society (social roles, crime or poverty) ● Positive aspect of Alienation ● Can be a positive motivator for social change. Push for reform/action ● It can create reformers or people who create outstanding ideas ● Reformers can bring together community 9. What is social stratification? What are closed systems and open systems of stratification?

Most societies have social stratification - structural systems of inequality that rank people according to a hierarchy. These hierarchies may be based on class, gender, ethnicity and ages, and they persist over generations. Sociologists use two opposing standards to describe social stratification: closed systems and open systems Closed systems allow for very little change in social position. The boundaries between levels are rigid, and peoples positions are by ascribed status. Examples include slavery and the caste system in India. Open systems permit considerable flexibility and may be influenced by achieved status. Open systems are thought to have some degree of social mobility. This movement can either be upward or downward. An example of this would be the class system 10. What is the caste system? A caste system is a closed system of social stratification where a person’s permanent social status is determined at birth. In a caste system,, birth shapes people’s lives on the following crucial ways 11. What was apartheid? The apartheid was an official policy of racial segregation formerly practiced in south africa, involving political, legal and economic discrimination against non white people. It is now illegal in south africa but some prejudices and discrimination still exists 12. What is the class system and what does horizontal and vertical mobility refer to? The class system is groups of people in society that have similar amounts of resources and often share values, norms, lifestyles, education, and type of work. Horizontal mobility: occurs when people experience a loss or gain in a position/income that does not produce a change in their place in the class system. Vertical mobility: occurs when people either move up or down the class system ranking 13. In Canada how are the classes divided (name, describe, percentage)? Upper class: makes up 3-5% of the population. Much income of this class is derived from inherited wealth, although some members of the upper class have earned their wealth. They usually attend expensive and highly respected institutions/schools, which give them lots of future networking opportunities. Middle class: makes up 40-50% of the population. Because of its size the middle class has a tremendous influence on trends and patterns of canadian culture. They are referred to as “white collar” workers Working class: makes up 30% of the population. known as blue collar workers, people who work in factories, technicians, mechanics, tradespeople. Traditionally the working class gets paid less than middle class. Lower class: makes up 15-20% of the population. They have the lowest or no income, they may work part time jobs from which their income is just enough for necessities. 14. What is the LICO and what do the terms absolute and relative poverty mean? LICO: T he low-income cut-off (LICO) table for immigration purposes represents the poverty line in Canada's urban areas with a population of half a million or more. In other words, you are poor if your income is below LICO. absolute poverty: the deprivation of resources that are considered essential - enough food, water, shelter Relative poverty: measuring the deprivation of some people against those who have more 15. What are 5 factors that influence inequality in society? Describe them. Ethnicity and Race: visible minorities have a poverty rate that is three times higher than the caucasian population. Men from minority groups are 24% more likely to be unemployed than white men. Indigenous people are among the most severely disadvantaged. About half live below the LICO and in extreme poverty. Social background: working class men and women have lower levels of post secondary education because with having lower incomes they have difficulty financing the cost of education and education is not a major part of their culture or ideologies. Parental education and income are strongly related to child school success. Gender: men have a higher income than women, even in cases where they perform the same job. This is the “glass ceiling effect” - an invisible but real barrier though which levels of advancement can be seen but can not be reached by a section of qualified employees. Men are 2-3 times more likely to hold senior management positions than women. Age: 26-34% of seniors live below the poverty line, since they are often retired and no longer gain income from employment. They are also living longer and spending what they have accumulated over their working lives. The government is facing pressure to help improve this group's financial situation. Physical and Mental Disability: People with disabilities have been excluded from mainstream society. Since 1982 they have been included in equality clauses. Today they are entitled to housing, employment, public accommodations. However this group still faces discrimination and prejudice. 16. According to the Poor No More documentary, what are the advantages of unionized Workers? The advantages of unionized workers are that they have better wages, better working conditions, job security, and protection if you get hurt. 17. What is public healthcare in Canada? What is the difference between public and private health care? Public health care in canada is governed by the canada health act. Its designed to make sure that all eligible people in the country have reasonable access to insured health services on a prepaid basis. Public health: Everybody (less fortunate) can get health care, Accessibility - show your health card even if expired, Free for the most part Private health: Run like a business, Debt of medical bills grows quickly, Much better technology, Insurance companies and medical companies compete with each other - can lead to better services 18. Discuss how Indigenous people are affected by inequality in Canada. - Indigenous people are restricted to small tracts of land due to the lack of economy, infrastructure, and planning 19. Describe Weber’s Theory on class, status and power. - Weber saw the importance of class as a major source of inequality and conflict