SOSC 100 Test 2 (3)

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Richard Kalisky 217 246 257 SOSC 1000 Test 2 PART I Terms and concepts Bias of social science The term bias of social science refers to the dominance of western culture throughout the world and how the cultural and philosophical biases of westernized secular societies have rooted themselves throughout all areas of social science (Gunaratne 2009). Much of the global influence on culture and social science can be traced back to the control and influence of very few countries and empires which include the United States, Britain and France(lecture 9). This power and influence were largely obtained through devious practices which include the expansion of these empires through imperialist and colonialist methods ((Nye, 1990) Lecture 9). The bias of social science can be characterized as the secularized Judeo- Christian essence ((Gunaratne 2007) Lecture 9) which values concepts such individualism, freedom, equality among others. The main relevance and connection of the term ‘Bias of social science’ to the main theme of the course is clear considering the notion that the bias of social media is rooted in all aspects of social science. Global vs Universal The term global or globalizations refers to the cultural process which had began in early modern times (Szell, 2005). It can be defined as the attempt to understand and comprehend the interconnections of the current world and to identify patterns within them (Nye,1990). While globalization refers to the process, universalism corresponds to values (Szell,2018). Universalism is concerned with the elements and values which apply to all humans (Szell,2018). Global or the process of globalization can be characterized by imperialism and the domination of the capitalist mode of production which really took off about 200 years ago and has since entered nearly every parts of society ( (Marx 1989 ; Braudel 1992 ; Sachsenmaier 2011 ; Wallerstein 1974– 1989 ) Szell, 2018). Universal can be characterized as something that applies to everyone or everywhere no matter what culture but also as something that will likely never be attained (Szell, 2018). Global vs universal can be related back to the main themes of the course because they are two different ways on how to categorize and view the world in a social setting from various perspectives. PART II Essay-type questions How does 'Eastern modernization' of social sciences differ from 'Westernization' and why? In today’s society, the social sciences have been globalized in a period known by western domination (Roulleau-Berger, 2011). We live in a world where the east feels as if they’re own views on social sciences have largely been ignored within eastern society and the rest of the world ( Laurence Roulleau- Berger, 2015).They differ because in the post modernization of eastern culture, people of influence aim

Richard Kalisky 217 246 257 to sway the east in a direction where they can still maintain some western influence, while still moving away and being recognized as their own independent culture and viewpoints within the social sciences ( Laurence Roulleau-Berger, 2015). To show how they differ in the post modernization era, we must first look at the western viewpoint of social sciences and its domination throughout the east and the rest of the world. The western social sciences can be traced back to the early sixteenth and seventeenth centuries where the west underwent significant advancements in science and technology. They achieved an unprecedented dominance over the world culture and its social sciences which still prevail to this day. The ideologies of the western social sciences which they have succeeded to implement on a global scale include ideas such as rationality, individualism and freedom while being a proponent of liberal democracies while also enduring the fight against communism (Lecture 10). While the east still looks to maintain some of the western influence, we can look how they differ in places like China as well as South Korea. In China, the aim among scholars and intellects is to re-establish much of the framework for social science from ancient and modern China, which has been neglected by many within the country ( Laurence Roulleau-Berger, 2015). Many researches are proposing to appeal to the views of Confucianism which advocates that the world and nature belong to everyone and we must live in harmony between mature and culture ( Laurence Roulleau-Berger, 2015). In South Korea, the west has also largely influenced their social sciences. One way in which they seek to differ is through the advocation of cosmopolitanism which proposes that we are al members of the same community, something that the west does not advocate much for with there being all sorts of classes and categorizations within the people.Overall while the west has had a major influence much of the world’s social sciences, the east does differ in the fact that they are making a conceded effort to establish in south Korea or re-establish in China they’re own cultural views on social sciences. What is at issue in ‘the clash of epochs’? Are there any plausible ways leading to a possible reconciliation? The issue in the clash of the epochs is that there is a conflict about whether traditional society, modernity or post modernity and which should be the prevailing viewpoint of western culture. (Lecture 9). The fundamental issue at hand between the three epochs is that they are all fundamentally different. Traditional society viewpoints hold ideologies and concepts such as community, family, morality, and religiousness. Modernity advocates for the individual pursuing there own individual interests which directly challenges traditional society which seeks the opposite in pursing interest of the community (Lecture 9). Modernity also replaces the community seen in traditional views with a fabricated nation. Post modernity replaces the unity among a country with a diverse and multicultural nation which makes complete state sovereignty increasingly hard to maintain. The fact is that all three epochs are inherently different. The most plausible solution for reconciliation among the people is to completely replace it within entirely new epoch which focuses on its classical and moral traditions while not returning to the post and rather building upon it.

Richard Kalisky 217 246 257

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