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Tabitha Smith 9/9/2023 SNHU 1-4 Short Paper Brown v. Board of Education When developing your thesis, it is advisable to focus on the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education. The Supreme Court's ruling in the 1954 case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka deemed racial segregation of students unconstitutional. This decision is highly significant in its implications for the cessation of racial segregation in educational institutions. The practice was deemed unconstitutional by a unanimous ruling, as it violated students' right to equal education. Brown v. Board of Education was a pivotal event in the civil rights movement. This event's precedent had a profound impact, prompting inquiries into the notion of providing separate yet ostensibly equal educational and service facilities. To comprehensively comprehend the inherent disparities within segregated systems and to critically scrutinize assertions of equality, it is imperative to meticulously analyze the available evidence and information. The 1951 lawsuit brought by Oliver Brown against the Board of Education of Topeka; Kansas is a noteworthy case that will be examined to gain further understanding. The lawsuit was filed after Linda Brown, the daughter of Oliver Brown, was refused admission to racially segregated elementary schools in Topeka. Brown's lawsuit claims a disparity in the educational institutions attended by Black and white children. Brown contended that the segregation being implemented contravened the "equal protection clause" of the 14th Amendment, thereby bolstering his argument. The mentioned clause aims to ensure that all individuals within the jurisdiction of a state receive equal protection under the law, thereby prohibiting any state from denying this right. To fully comprehend the case, it is important to recognize that the U.S. District Court in Kansas acknowledged the negative impact of racially segregating public schools. Feelings of inferiority were one of the experienced consequences. The court upheld the doctrine of "separate but equal." The NAACP was founded in 1909 with a specific objective. This organization was dedicated to advocating for the progress of civil rights during the contemporary Civil Rights Movement. The organization initially prioritized two primary goals: eradicating lynching and advocating for equitable trials for African Americans. In the 1930s, the NAACP shifted its focus to advocating for the full integration of American society. Civil rights activists advocated for the integration of Black Americans into graduate-level universities. To effectively challenge states in

establishing separate but equal facilities, it is recommended to adopt the following approach. Facilities pose challenges in terms of financial costs and logistical complexities. Thurgood Marshall, a young African American lawyer, played a prominent role in the civil rights movement. To assume the position of general counsel for the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund in 1938, follow these steps: At this stage, you will learn about significant victories in the civil rights movement that were instrumental in advancing the cause. To fully understand the significance of these victories, it is essential to examine three notable court cases: Gaines v. University of Missouri (1938), Sipuel v. Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma (1948), and Sweatt v. Painter (1950). The NAACP defense team aimed to contest the notion of equality and undermine the practice of segregation by pursuing the following objectives in each of these cases. What methods can be employed to ascertain the presence of segregation within the contemporary school system? The U.S. student body has experienced a notable increase in diversity in recent years. Public schools in numerous regions still face substantial levels of segregation pertaining to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) report shows that... The report indicates that during the 2020-21 school year, over 18.5 million students (about the population of New York), accounting for more than one-third of the total student population, attended schools characterized by a predominant racial or ethnic composition. Around 14% of students were enrolled in schools characterized by a predominant racial or ethnic composition. This report builds upon the 2016 GAO investigation on racial disparities in K-12 schools. Jackie Nowicki, the director of K-12 education at the GAO and lead author of the report, finds the new findings to be concerning, indicating a slightly worse situation compared to the first report. To understand the historical connection between segregation, it is crucial to analyze the Jim Crow laws that were implemented in the Southern United States. To learn the highest proportion of schools that predominantly serve students of a single race or ethnicity in the 2020-21 academic year, please adhere to the following instructions: Acquire the report containing the pertinent data. The report mentions two specific regions: the Northeast and the Midwest. Conduct a data analysis to identify the regions with the highest proportions of schools that predominantly serve student populations of a single race or ethnicity. The report highlights that the Northeast and Midwest regions had the highest percentages in this regard. Consider the racial and ethnic groups specified in the report, including predominantly white, predominantly Hispanic, or predominantly Black. The report shows that schools with predominantly single race/ethnicity student populations were more common in the Northeast and Midwest regions during the 2020-21 school year. References Brown v. Board of Education | National Archives . (2021, June 3). National Archives |. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/brown-v- board#background Carrillo, S., & Salhotra, P. (2022, July 14). U.S. schools remain highly segregated, government report finds . NPR. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://www.npr.org/2022/07/14/1111060299/school-segregation-report

HISTORY.COM EDITORS. (2009, October 27). Brown v. Board of Education: Summary, Ruling & Impact. Retrieved September 9, 2023, from https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka

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