Annotated Bibliography 5

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Annotated Bibliography 5 Brielle West Agarwal, Rajender, John Connolly, Shweta Gupta, and Amol S. Navathe. “Comparing Medicare Advantage And Traditional Medicare: A Systematic Review.” Health Affairs 40, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 937–44. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.02149 . Since 2010 Medicare Advantage (MA) enrollment has doubled and now represents a third of all Medicare beneficiaries. “Comparing Medicare Advantage and Tradtional Medicare: A Systemic Review” by Rajender Agarwal, John Connelly, Schweta Gupta, and Amol S. Navathe, is a systemic review examining 48 studies comparing MA and traditional Medicare. What was found was that MA was associated with fewer hospital admissions and emergency department visits, more preventative care visits, shorter hospital and skilled nursing facility stays, and lower healthcare spending. Concerning quality of care, MA outperformed traditional Medicare; those enrolled in MA were more likely to receive care in average-quality hospitals, lower-quality nursing facilities, and home health agencies. There was no discernable difference in patient experiences, readmission rates, mortality, or racial/ethnic disparities between MA and traditional Medicare. The writers suggest that policymakers should support policies that improve data completeness and comparability and that health plans should focus on improving patient experience. Cohen, Wilbur J., “The Development of the Social Security Act of 1935: Reflections Some Fifty Years Later,” Minnesota Law Review 68, no. 2 (January 1984): 379-408 “The Development of the Social Security Act of 1935: Reflections Some Fifty Years Later” Wilbur J. Cohen offers insights into the political and social context of the time and the challenges the administration faced when crafting the legislation. This article traced the actions and events that were influential in the growth of the Social Security Act of 1935, discussed important actors, and identified the multiple changes from the initial bill

and the Act. The act provided three “assistance” or “welfare” programs: Old Age Assistance to needy persons, aid to the needy blind, and aid to needy dependent children. Highlights the significance of the Act in providing economic security for Americans. This program was designed to preserve the social and economic structure of the country and would later serve as the basis for what would later become known as “the welfare state.” The writer discusses the challenges and future considerations for the Act in a world of changing demographics and economic realities. Harrington, Scott E. “U.S. Health-Care Reform: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.” Journal of Risk and Insurance 77, no. 3 (August 2, 2010): 703–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2010.01371.x . “U.S. Health-Care Reform: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act” by Scott E. Harrington is an article that provides an overview of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and highlights the key requirements concerning coverage expansion, insurance market reforms, and projected costs of financing the act. Addresses that the law will expand health insurance coverage by mandating individuals to get accredited health insurance, providing financial assistance to make coverage affordable to low-income individuals, producing medium to large employers to offer health insurance to their workforce, and substantially widening the scope of Medicaid eligibility. The Office of Actuary of the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services projects that the law, once implemented, will increase total healthcare spending by $311 billion over ten years, however, the projected spending cuts and new taxes will be used to fund coverage expansion, not reducing the federal healthcare deficit.

Heller, Richard E., Aparna Joshi, Robin Sircar, and Shireen Hayatghaibi. “Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program: An Overview for the Pediatric Radiologist.” Pediatric Radiology 53, no. 6 (March 7, 2023): 1179–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247- 023-05640-7 . This paper serves as an overview of the Medicaid and Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and its relevance to population health. Highlights the four main programs within Medicaid: coverage for low-income families, low-income seniors, low- income disabled individuals, and nursing home care. Discusses the impact of Medicaid and CHIP on access to care, health outcomes, and health equity and emphasizes the need to improve reimbursement rates to support better access to care and reduce health disparities. What plays a significant role is that Medicaid is jointly financed by the state and federal governments, resulting in the US not having a single Medicaid program but a “patchwork of programs that reflect state-level modifications.” The US, through Medicaid and CHIP, has made big strides in improving access to healthcare children, however, children still remain at risk of falling through the cracks as a result of its being financed by both the state and federal government. Quadagno, Jill. “Welfare Capitalism and the Social Security Act of 1935.” American Sociological Review 49, no. 5 (October 1, 1984): 632. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095421 . Quadagno examines the state and economy relationship, focusing on the Social Security Act of 1935. The author argues that the act tied social insurance to an individual’s active participation in the labor force and appointed the administration of public assistance programs to the state. Quadagno highlights critical factors such as the social insurance movement, pressure from the elderly population and their advocates, and the economic crisis of the Great Depression all playing pivotal roles in shaping the Social Security Act.

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The Social Security Act emerged as a compromise between competing interests, preserving the capitalist structure and power dynamics while providing social insurance benefits. Marked the beginning of the national welfare state in the U.S. Summary While all the above articles focus on healthcare legislation, two focus on the Social Security Act of 1935, one a reflection 50 years later, and the other an examination of state and economic relationship, the remaining articles focused on more recent healthcare legislation, Medicaid and CHIP, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPAC), and Medicare Advantage. The first article compared Medicare Advantage and traditional Medicare, while the other two were examinations of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and Medicare, Medicaid and CHIP. The first article focusing on the Social Security Act of 1935 was an analysis that tracked the actions and events that influenced the growth of the Social Security Act, while the final article examined the relationship between the state and the economy in the Social Security Act.

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