Module 3 Short Essay

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Nov 24, 2024

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1 Module 3 Short Essay Adriana Mcrae 01/10/2023

2 Explain the difference between subcultures and countercultures and give an example of each. While Subcultures often develop around common interests, hobbies, or identities, they also shares certain values and norms within the larger society, counter cultures usually rejects these values, norms and practices from the dominant culture. Therefore subcultures development are always around hobbies, interests and identities which are common. Counter cultures usually wants to create lifestyle which is different in order to challenge an order which has been set by the society, ( Ehambaranathan & Hall, 2023) . An example of subculture is the Skateboarding subculture, where individuals share a passion for skateboarding but still conform to most societal norms. On the other hand, an example of counterculture is a movement which occurred in 1960 and its main aim was to reject mainstream values and embraced anti-establishment and anti-war sentiments. What is ethnocentrism and how does it impede our understanding of other cultures? What kind of attitude should we take instead? According to Balabanis & Siamagka (2022), e thnocentrism is the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own culture or ethnic group over others. This is a form of judgment which mostly comes from other people of different culture and his is the main reason why there are some instances of stereotypes, misunderstandings and prejudice of different culture. This belief usually impedes our understanding of culture by fostering biasness s which makes people from different culture to view others using their own lens of values and lens. It leads to creation of stereotype which in most cases it ignores diversity and it undermines empathy especially with people from different culture. Instead we should have a relativistic culture which is supposed to

3 be non-judgmental as through this it becomes easier to understand and appreciate other cultures and respect them without imposing one’s own cultural standards. What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? Prejudice refers to the negative attitudes and beliefs held about a particular group based on stereotypes or irrational generalizations. It's a cognitive component of bias. Discrimination is the unfair treatment or actions directed towards individuals or groups based on their perceived characteristics, such as race, gender, or religion. Discrimination is a behavioral component of bias. In summary, I think the main difference of prejudice and discrimination is the fact that, prejudice is a thought or feeling, while discrimination is an action. Compare and contrast the approaches to race taken by functionalist theory and conflict theory. Functionalist Theory: This perspective suggests that race and racial inequality exist because they serve a purpose in society. According to functionalists, racial divisions can create social stability by providing a sense of identity and belonging to certain groups. They argue that racial inequality might be functional for maintaining the social order, ( He & Zhao, 2019). Conflict Theory: This perspective focuses on the power struggles and social inequalities related to race. Conflict theorists view racial inequality as a result of the dominant group's efforts to maintain its privilege and control over resources. They emphasize how racial divisions perpetuate social conflict and inequality. While functionalism sees some degree of order and stability in racial hierarchies, conflict theory highlights the power dynamics and social injustice associated with them.

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4 How does a person’s race affect his/her life chances? A person's race can significantly affect their life chances, this is especially in regard to their opportunities and outcomes in various aspects of life. This impact is often due to systemic racism and social structures. For instance the racial minorities may face disparities in access to quality education, leading to differences in academic achievement and future opportunities. Also, racial discrimination can limit job opportunities and career advancement for minority individuals. Where a person lives especially when they are not in their own place of origin usually can be affected by discriminatory practices. Therefore housing in general is affected. The racial minorities in many parts of the world usually have limited access to health care resources and this to some it has made them loose their own lives. It is therefore important to some up with efforts to address these issues especially through involving policy makers.

5 References Balabanis, G., & Siamagka, N. T. (2022). A meta-analysis of consumer ethnocentrism across 57 countries. International Journal of Research in Marketing , 39 (3), 745-763. Ehambaranathan, E., Murugasu, S., & Hall, M. (2023). The Effect of Thailand’s Subcultures on Other Southeast Asia States’ Countercultures. Journal of Advanced Research in Social Sciences , 6 (3), 108-121. He, Q., Yu, B., Li, Z., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Density functional theory for battery materials. Energy & Environmental Materials , 2 (4), 264-279.

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