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Are the Negative Effects of Divorce on Well-Being Dependent on Marital Quality A study is done to support the claim that divorce has a less detrimental or even beneficial impact on the well-being for those from low-income marriages. The National Survey of Families and Households (N = 4,526) was analyzed over two waves. Relative to divorces from less unsatisfactory and less unfair marriages, those who divorce from unsatisfactory or unfair marriages report less rises in depression. There seemed no interaction in the case of marital conflict. Marital aggressiveness appears to enhance the negative effects of divorce, particularly for women, indicating that ideas about the accumulation of post-divorce difficulties should be taken into consideration in addition to ideas about escaping the situation (Kalmijn & Monden, 2006). GP wellbeing and general practice issues Research on the well-being of general practitioners has produced very consistent results.This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the wellbeing of general practitioners (GPs) and their day-to-day experiences in general practice. The survey items were taken from transcripts of interviews with general practitioners. 480 General Practitioner (GP) Australian Family Physician (AFP) subscribers (2.18% response rate); mean age of 45.5 years; from 26 to 81 years old; 273 men (56.9%) and 199 women (43.1%) were taken.38% indicated very good/excellent wellbeing, 47% reported fair wellbeing, and nearly 15% reported low/very poor wellbeing. Being single, divorced, or widowed was linked to poorer wellbeing, as were accounts of being by themselves in a hostile environment and more unfavourable interactions with patients (Murfett & Charman, 2006). Puerto Rican and Dominican Women's Perceptions of Divorced Women

The purpose of this study was to explore Puerto Rican and Dominican women's perceptions of divorce with particular emphasis on divorced women's image and experience in these countries. 95 Puerto Rican and Dominican women completed an online survey in Spanish. The majority of survey questions were open-ended, and some data on demographics was collected. A qualitative content analysis of findings demonstrated the diversity of views, cultural preconceptions, and societal stigma surrounding divorce. Divorced women were specifically viewed as either failures and social outcasts or as accomplished and independent. Divorced women and Puerto Rican women were more likely to have favorable opinions regarding divorce. The study suggests that understanding these perceptions and attitudes about divorce in Puerto Rican and Dominican communities is important, especially for clinical practitioners (Arditti, 2006). A Longitudinal Study of Marital Disruption and Psychological Distress Among Swedish Women and Men The study examine the impact of divorce on the psychological well-being of individuals. All information from the Swedish Level of Living Surveys conducted in 1981 and 1991 is used to examine the potential effects of divorce on people's psychological health. The findings show that in 1991, divorcees—male and female—reported a greater likelihood of experiencing psychological distress compared to their married, cohabiting, or remarried counterparts. Divorcees' poorer well-being prior to the divorce (in 1981) generally explains only a very small portion of this, and other characteristics (such as income or access to social support) cannot fully account for the variance in well-being. Psychological suffering lasts longer after divorce in the case of males than it does for women, with psychological distress preceding divorce in the former case. (Gahler, 2006)

Changes in family financial circumstances and the physical health of married and recently divorced mothers This study investigates how divorce followed by single parenthood undermines the long- term physical health of rural mothers using four waves of survey data collected in Iowa, USA from 336 married and 80 divorced mothers during a 10-year period.The results mainly confirm the paths that have been proposed, which state that rural mothers face financial challenges as a result of being single parents. Moreover, there is a connection between this financial hardship and self-reported physical health trajectories, which in turn influences changes in morbidity. This represents the middle years' developmental trajectory of morbidity. In terms of methodology, this expands on previous studies on the relationship between women's marital status and well-being by specifically looking at each person's personal change in family financial stress and physical health trajectories and by looking at the dynamic relationship between the two during the middle years (Wickrama et al, 2006). Do Divorcing Couples Become Happier by Breaking up This study investigates the impact of divorce on individuals' well-being using data from the British Household Panel Survey. The study looks at whether people's psychological health varies for those who experience marital disintegration, particularly divorce. In order to evaluate an individual's psychological status in the years preceding and following a divorce, the study analyses longitudinal data.Data from the British Household Panel Survey's first 11 waves are used in this study (BHPS). Based on a nationally representative sample of over 5,000 British households with over 10,000 adult members, this poll was conducted. Starting in 1991, it was held every year between September and Christmas.The general health questionnaire (GHQ) score is a commonly used indicator of mental health in research studies.The longitudinal

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evidence in the paper suggests that marital dissolution eventually produces a rise in psychological well-being. Both men and women gain, and do so approximately equally (Gardner & Oswald,2006). Correlates of posttraumatic growth in survivors of intimate partner violence This study looked into the idea that certain victims of intimate partner abuse might grow from their experiences of this extremely stressful situation, leading them to experience posttraumatic growth. Furthermore, the connections between posttraumatic growth and depression, relationship status, abuse kind, and the availability of posttraumatic growth models were looked at. Posttraumatic growth was reported by most women. Depression and overall abuse were not associated with posttraumatic growth; however, abuse was associated with one domain of growth. Having left an abusive relationship and being in contact with a posttraumatic growth model were both positively associated with posttraumatic growth (Cobb et al, 2006). The Short-Term and Decade-Long Effects of Divorce on Women's Midlife Health The purpose of this study is to examine how divorce affects women.Divorce is thought to worsen a person's psychological anguish right away and have long-term detrimental effects on their physical health. Additionally, through stressful midlife events, indirectly contributes to long-term increases in distress. Data from 416 rural Iowa women who were mothers of adolescent children and were questioned regularly in the early 1990s are used to test the hypotheses; the women were re-interviewed in 2001.The hypotheses are supported by the data. Divorced women reported far more psychological anguish than married women in the years after their split (1991–1994), although there were no differences in terms of physical sickness. Ten years later, in 2001, the divorced women continued to report noticeably greater levels of illness, even after age, remarriage, education, income, and previous health conditions were taken into

account. Divorced women reported more stressful life events between 1994 and 2000 than their married counterparts did, which contributed to higher levels of depression symptoms in 2001 (Lorenz et al, 2006). Mental health profiles among married, never-married, and separated/divorced mothers in a nationally representative sample This study looked at the lifetime prevalence of externalizing disorders, anxious unhappiness, and terror in mothers according to family structure (married, never married, and separated/divorced) using data from the US National Comorbidity Survey (N=1,534). The findings showed that the mental health characteristics of married and single mothers seemed to be mostly similar. In comparison to moms who are married, mothers who are separated or divorced are more likely to experience depression, dysthymia, posttraumatic stress disorder, externalizing disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and antisocial personality disorder (Afifi et al, 2006). Stress, Social Resources, and Depression among Never-Married and Divorced Rural Mothers Although the effects of single parenting on women and kids have long been studied, not much of it has been done on single parents in rural settings. The current study: (1) investigates the influence of multiple stress domains on mothers' depression; (2) takes into account potential buffering effects of social resources; and (3) identifies differences in conditions and outcomes for divorced and never-married mothers. It is based on a probability sample of 508 single mothers, aged 18–39, living in rural Northern New England. Findings highlight the importance of multiple forms of stress exposure, showing independent significant effects of lifetime adversity, recent life events, and chronic stressors on current depressive symptoms. Despite the fact that emotional

support lowers depression, the effects of recent and ongoing stressors are not mitigated by support or living situations. Divorce women are not as reliant on family support as mothers who have never married, and they are exposed to more stress and are more vulnerable to stress (Turner, 2006).

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References Kalmijn, M., & Monden, C. W. (2006). Are the negative effects of divorce on well‐being dependent on marital quality?. Journal of marriage and family , 68 (5), 1197-1213. Murfett, A., & Charman, D. (2006). GP wellbeing and general practice issues. Australian family physician , 35 (9). Arditti, J. A., & Lopez, N. P. (2006). Puerto Rican and Dominican women's perceptions of divorced women. Journal of feminist family therapy , 17 (3-4), 143-173. Gähler, M. (2006). “To divorce is to die a bit...”: A longitudinal study of marital disruption and psychological distress among Swedish women and men. The Family Journal , 14 (4), 372-382. Wickrama, K. A. S., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Elder Jr, G. H., Abraham, W. T., & Fang, S. A. (2006). Changes in family financial circumstances and the physical health of married and recently divorced mothers. Social science & medicine , 63 (1), 123-136. Gardner, J., & Oswald, A. J. (2006). Do divorcing couples become happier by breaking up?. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society , 169 (2), 319-336. Cobb, A. R., Tedeschi, R. G., Calhoun, L. G., & Cann, A. (2006). Correlates of posttraumatic growth in survivors of intimate partner violence. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies , 19 (6), 895-903. Lorenz, F. O., Wickrama, K. A. S., Conger, R. D., & Elder Jr, G. H. (2006). The short-term and decade-long effects of divorce on women's midlife health. Journal of health and social behavior , 47 (2), 111-125.

Afifi, T. O., Cox, B. J., & Enns, M. W. (2006). Mental health profiles among married, never- married, and separated/divorced mothers in a nationally representative sample. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology , 41 , 122-129. Turner, H. A. (2006). Stress, social resources, and depression among never‐married and divorced rural mothers. Rural Sociology , 71 (3), 479-504.

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