psy 215 discussion 4

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Jun 4, 2024

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Our attitudes play a crucial role in shaping how we perceive and understand gender. These attitudes are influenced by a variety of factors including cultural norms, personal experiences, educational background, media representations, and social interactions. There are many ways on how our attitudes can have an impact on our views towards gender. “Cultural Norms and Socialization: From a young age, we are often socialized into certain beliefs about gender through family, schools, and society” (Kågesten, A., pg. 1, 2016). These early experiences can instill deep-seated views about what is considered "appropriate" for different genders. “Stereotyping: Attitudes can perpetuate stereotypes that dictate how we expect people to behave based on their gender” (Kågesten, A., pg. 1, 2016). For instance, believing that men should be strong and unemotional, while women should be nurturing and sensitive, can limit the ways we appreciate and interact with individuals. “Expectations and Roles: Our attitudes influence the roles we believe are suitable for people of different genders” (Kågesten, A., pg. 1, 2016). For example, if we have the attitude that leadership is a male trait, we might unconsciously undermine the authority or capability of female leaders. “Bias and Discrimination: Negative or biased attitudes towards a particular gender can lead to unequal treatment and discrimination “ (Kågesten, A., pg. 1, 2016). This can manifest in areas such as the workplace, education, and healthcare, and can affect opportunities and outcomes for different genders. “Open-Mindedness and Flexibility: Positive and progressive attitudes can lead to a more inclusive understanding of gender” (Kågesten, A., pg. 2, 2016). Recognizing gender as a spectrum rather than a binary concept can help us support diverse gender identities and expressions. “Self-Perception: Our attitudes about our own gender identity and roles can deeply affect our self-esteem and self-worth” (Kågesten, A., pg. 2, 2016). Internalized negative attitudes can lead to internal conflicts and mental health issues. “Influence of Media: Media portrayals of gender, often infused with cultural attitudes, can shape our perceptions” (Kågesten, A., pg. 2, 2016). For instance, if the media consistently portrays certain genders in limiting ways, this can reinforce narrow views and stereotypes. “Legislation and Policy: Attitudes towards gender can influence the creation and implementation of laws and policies, impacting everything from workplace equality to healthcare access and legal protections for gender-diverse individuals” (Kågesten, A., pg. 2, 2016). By reflecting on and challenging our attitudes, we can contribute to a more equitable and understanding society that respects and values all gender identities and expressions. Open dialogue, education, and exposure to diverse perspectives can help in reshaping attitudes towards a more inclusive view of gender. Personal beliefs play a significant role in shaping our perceptions of what is considered normal and abnormal. These beliefs are informed by a range of factors including cultural background, religious teachings, social norms, personal experiences, education, and psychological factors. There are a few ways in which personal beliefs can impact our view of normal and abnormal: 1. “Cultural Influence: Different cultures have varied beliefs and practices that define what is normal and abnormal” (Lurye, L. E., pg. 2, 2008). For instance, what is considered a normal dietary habit in one culture might be seen as unusual or even abnormal in another. 2. “Religious Beliefs: Religion often provides a framework for morality and ethical behavior, shaping views on what is considered normal or abnormal” (Lurye, L. E., pg. 2, 2008). For

example, attitudes towards issues like marriage, sexuality, and even medical interventions can vary greatly depending on religious perspectives. 3. “Social Norms: Societal norms and the desire to conform can greatly influence our perceptions” (Lurye, L. E., pg. 2, 2008). What is deemed normal behavior in one social group might be considered abnormal in another. Social validation and acceptance often reinforce certain beliefs and behaviors as normal. 4. “Personal Experiences: Individual experiences, including upbringing, education, and significant life events, shape personal belief systems” (Lurye, L. E., pg. 2, 2008). Someone who has had positive experiences with a particular behavior or lifestyle choice is more likely to view it as normal. 5. “Psychological Factors: Mental health and psychological predispositions also play a role” (Lurye, L. E., pg. 3, 2008). People with certain psychological conditions might perceive the world differently, affecting their judgment of what is normal or abnormal. 6. “Education and Information: Access to information and level of education can influence beliefs” (Lurye, L. E., pg. 3, 2008). For instance, greater exposure to diverse viewpoints and scientific knowledge can challenge preconceived notions of normality and abnormality. 7. “Media Influence: Media portrayal of behaviors, lifestyles, and physical appearances can heavily influence public perception of normalcy” (Lurye, L. E., pg. 3, 2008). Persistent depiction of certain standards can shape societal beliefs over time. 8. “Legal and Ethical Standards: Laws and ethical guidelines often reflect societal beliefs about normal and abnormal behavior. Legal consequences can deter behaviors considered abnormal, further influencing personal beliefs” (Lurye, L. E., pg. 3, 2008). In summary, personal beliefs function as a lens through which we interpret the world around us, fundamentally affecting our judgments and perceptions of normal and abnormal. Understanding this interplay can help in fostering greater empathy and open- mindedness towards differing viewpoints and experiences. Culture plays a significant role in shaping our perceptions of gender through a variety of mechanisms. Ways in which culture plays a role in our perceptions of gender are described below and are necessary in acknowledging how differently yet similar we all are and bridging any gaps amongst different cultures. “Socialization : From a young age, individuals are socialized into cultural norms and values surrounding gender” (Santoniccolo, F., pg. 1, 2023). Parents, schools, media, and peer groups all contribute to teaching children what is considered appropriate behavior for their gender. “Language and Communication: The language used within a culture often reflects and reinforces gender norms” (Santoniccolo, F., pg. 1, 2023). For example, certain languages use gendered nouns and pronouns that can perpetuate specific gender roles. “Media and Representation: Media portrayals, including television, movies, advertising, and social media, often present gender stereotypes and idealized versions of masculinity and femininity that influence how people view themselves and others” (Santoniccolo, F., pg. 1, 2023). “Traditions and Rituals : Cultural traditions and rituals can reinforce gender roles” (Santoniccolo, F., pg. 1, 2023). For example, rites of passage such as quinceañeras, bar mitzvahs, and weddings often come with gendered expectations and roles.

“Work and Economy: Cultural views on gender can shape perceptions of appropriate careers and work roles, often promoting or discouraging certain occupations for different genders” (Santoniccolo, F., pg. 2, 2023). This can also impact salary expectations, leadership opportunities, and work-life balance considerations. “Legal and Institutional Frameworks: Laws and institutional policies within a culture can either challenge or reinforce gender norms” (Santoniccolo, F., pg. 2, 2023). For instance, legal recognition of gender identity, parental leave policies, and anti-discrimination laws can significantly affect perceptions and treatment of gender. “Religious Beliefs: Many cultures have religious doctrines that prescribe specific roles and behaviors for different genders” (Santoniccolo, F., pg. 2, 2023). These religious beliefs can deeply influence how individuals understand and experience gender. “Family Structure: Cultural norms surrounding family roles and responsibilities can shape gender perceptions” (Santoniccolo, F., pg. 2, 2023). Expectations about parenting, household duties, and caregiving often align with culturally specific gender roles. “Education: The education system in any given culture can either reinforce traditional gender norms or challenge them” (Santoniccolo, F., pg. 2, 2023). Curriculum, teacher behaviors, and peer interactions all play a role in shaping gender perceptions. “Dress and Appearance: Cultural norms dictate what is considered appropriate clothing and grooming for different genders, influencing personal expression and social acceptance” (Santoniccolo, F., pg. 2, 2023). Overall, culture provides a framework of expectations and norms that profoundly influence how individuals perceive and express their gender, often shaping behaviors, opportunities, and interactions throughout their lives. There are various reasons why someone might feel uncomfortable validating an individual's gender expression. These reasons can range from lack of understanding or awareness to deeply ingrained biases and cultural influences.“ Lack of Knowledge: Some people may not be familiar with various gender identities and expressions, leading to confusion or uncertainty about how to appropriately validate someone’s gender” (Sevelius, J. M., pg., 2, 2021). Cultural or Religious Beliefs: Certain cultures or religions may have strictly defined gender roles and identities, which can make it challenging for individuals raised within these frameworks to accept non-binary or differing gender expressions. “ Personal Discomfort: Some people might feel uncomfortable due to their own insecurities or biases” (Sevelius, J. M., pg., 2, 2021). This discomfort can stem from fear of saying the wrong thing, offending someone, or confronting their own ideas about gender. “Societal Norms: Societal norms and expectations often dictate specific behaviors and appearances for different genders” (Sevelius, J. M., pg., 2, 2021). Deviating from these norms can cause discomfort for those who have internalized these societal expectations. Generational Differences: Older generations may have grown up with different understandings of gender, making it harder for them to adapt to more contemporary views on gender identity and expression. Also while gender is a sensitive topic, it is important to become aware more of how to help bridge the gaps on confusion and in validating an individual's gender expression there are ways that involves several supportive actions and behaviors: 1. “Use Correct Pronouns: Always use the pronouns and name that the person has indicated they prefer” (Sevelius, J. M., pg., 3, 2021). This shows respect for their gender identity.

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2. “Listen and Learn: Take the time to listen to individuals about their experiences and educate yourself on gender diversity” (Sevelius, J. M., pg., 3, 2021). This can help you become more comfortable and informed. 3. “Acknowledge and Respect: Acknowledge and respect the person's gender identity and expression without judgment” (Sevelius, J. M., pg., 3, 2021). Avoid making assumptions based on their appearance or behavior. 4. “Avoid Gendered Language: Use gender-neutral language when appropriate (e.g., "folks" instead of "ladies and gentlemen") to create a more inclusive environment” (Sevelius, J. M., pg., 3, 2021). 5. “Supportive Actions: Show support by advocating for inclusive policies and practices in your community or workplace” (Sevelius, J. M., pg., 3, 2021). This can include things like gender-neutral restrooms or inclusive forms that offer more than just "male" and "female" options. 6. “Apologize and Correct: If you make a mistake, such as using the wrong pronoun, apologize sincerely, correct yourself, and move on without making a big deal out of it” (Sevelius, J. M., pg., 3, 2021). 7. “Challenge Prejudices: Be willing to challenge your own biases and those of others” (Sevelius, J. M., pg., 3, 2021). Gender dysphoria, which is the distress a person feels due to a mismatch between their gender identity and their sex assigned at birth, has significant implications for both self-care and emotional intelligence. “Self care and emotional intelligence can provide important insights for those experiencing it and for those supporting them. Self-Care: involves activities and practices that individuals engage in on a regular basis to reduce stress and maintain and enhance their short- and long-term health and well-being” (Kitsios, F., pg., 2, 2022). For individuals experiencing gender dysphoria, tailored self-care practices are crucial: Emotional Support: Seeking support from accepting friends, family, or support groups can provide a vital emotional outlet. “Professional Help: Consulting with mental health professionals who are knowledgeable about gender issues can provide coping strategies and validation” (Kitsios, F., pg., 3, 2022). Mind-Body Practices: Activities such as mindfulness, meditation, and yoga can help reduce stress and promote a sense of calm and self-acceptance. “ Gender Affirmation: Engaging in self-affirming activities such as dressing in gender-affirming clothes, using preferred pronouns, or exploring medical options like hormone therapy can help ease dysphoria” (Kitsios, F., pg., 3, 2022). Physical Health: Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep can improve overall health and well-being, making it easier to cope with emotional challenges. “Emotional Intelligence: (EI) is the ability to understand, use, and manage your own emotions in positive ways” (Kitsios, F., pg., 4, 2022). It involves self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. For those dealing with gender dysphoria, developing EI can be particularly beneficial: “Self-Awareness: Being aware of one's feelings of dysphoria and understanding how it impacts daily life can be the first step toward self-acceptance and finding appropriate coping mechanisms” (Kitsios, F., pg., 4, 2022). Journaling or talking to a supportive friend can help in this process. Self-Regulation: The ability to manage intense feelings of dysphoria and distress through various techniques (e.g., deep breathing, counting to ten, exercise) can prevent emotional overwhelm. “ Motivation: Focusing on personal goals and the

steps needed to achieve gender affirmation can help provide a sense of purpose and direction” (Kitsios, F., pg., 4, 2022). “ Empathy: Understanding and recognizing the emotions in others can foster better social connections” (Kitsios, F., pg., 4, 2022). Building a supportive community and empathetic relationships can offer much-needed emotional support . References: Hooley, J. M., Nock, M. K., & Butcher, J. N. (2019). Abnormal Psychology (18th Edition). Pearson Education (US). https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9780135190968 Kågesten, A., Gibbs, S., Blum, R. W., Moreau, C., Chandra-Mouli, V., Herbert, A., & Amin, A. (2016). Understanding Factors that Shape Gender Attitudes in Early Adolescence Globally: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. PloS one , 11 (6), e0157805. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157805 Kitsios, F., Papageorgiou, E., Kamariotou, M., Perifanis, N. A., & Talias, M. A. (2022). Emotional intelligence with the gender perspective in health organizations managers. Heliyon , 8 (11), e11488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11488 Lurye, L. E., Zosuls, K. M., & Ruble, D. N. (2008). Gender identity and adjustment: understanding the impact of individual and normative differences in sex typing. New directions for child and adolescent development , (120), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.214 Santoniccolo, F., Trombetta, T., Paradiso, M. N., & Rollè, L. (2023). Gender and Media Representations: A Review of the Literature on Gender Stereotypes, Objectification and Sexualization. International journal of environmental research and public health , 20 (10), 5770. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20105770 Sevelius, J. M., Chakravarty, D., Dilworth, S. E., Rebchook, G., & Neilands, T. B. (2021). Measuring Satisfaction and Comfort with Gender Identity and Gender Expression among Transgender Women: Development and Validation of the Psychological Gender Affirmation Scale. International journal of environmental research and public health , 18 (6), 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063298

psy 215 discussion 4

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