Version 2- Voter attitudes and bahavior-2

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Jun 4, 2024

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Research Question: How does social identity, including factors like ethnicity or socioeconomic status, affect voter behavior and political attitudes? Literature Review Social identity, including factors like ethnicity, race, gender, and socioeconomic status, significantly influences how people vote and their political beliefs in the United States. Many studies have looked at how social identity shapes political preferences and behaviors, revealing how people's group memberships impact their involvement in politics. One key theme in the literature is the impact of racial and ethnic identity on political behavior. Scholars have found that racial and ethnic group consciousness positively correlates with political participation among minority communities, such as Asian Americans and Latinos (Cho & Tsuchiya, 2020). Additionally, studies highlight the enduring significance of racial attitudes, including symbolic racism, in shaping partisan alignment and voting behavior among white Americans (Sears & Henry, 2005). Social identity and gender intersect to influence political attitudes and behavior. Studies show that voter perceptions of male and female candidates are influenced by gender stereotypes. , affecting perceptions of their leadership ability (Huddy & Terkildsen, 1993). Moreover, scholars have investigated the unique political experiences of minority groups, such as Black women, who navigate intersecting identities and face unique forms of political marginalization (Gay & Tate, 1998). Political party membership is a part of social identity. When people feel their political identity is threatened, they become more extreme in their beliefs. This leads to increased political tribalism and polarization. (Iyengar & Westwood, 2015). This

contributes to the growing polarization of American politics, as political identities become more intertwined with personal identity (Mason, 2018). Furthermore, regional dynamics also play a role in how social identity interacts with political behavior. For example, research on the modern South emphasizes the long-term impact of race on political polarization, particularly among whites in the South. (Valentino & Sears, 2005). Such studies underscore the complex relationship between historical legacies, social identities, and political dynamics within specific geographic contexts. Overall, the literature emphasizes that social identity plays a multifaceted role in influencing voting behavior and political attitudes across the country. By exploring the intersectionality of racial, ethnic, gender, socio-economic, and political identities, scholars have gained valuable insight into how social identity shapes people’s political behavior. However, there are still gaps in our knowledge, especially when it comes to how different aspects of social identity correspond with each other and their impact on political behavior. Future studies should continue to research these topics to gain a better understanding of how social identity shapes American politics. Contribution to the Literature Overall, the literature on social identity and political behavior in the United States contributes to the relevant discussion of the relationship between social identity, voting behavior, and political attitudes. By looking at the intersections of racial, ethnic, gender, socio-economic, and political identities, scholars have gained valuable insights into how social identity shapes individuals’ behavior. This research proposal furthers the existing literature by examining how different aspects of social identity, such as ethnicity, racial identity, gender identity, and socio-economic status, interact with one another to shape political behavior and attitudes across the country. By

drawing on insights from a wide range of academic sources, this proposal provides a better understanding of the close relationship between social identities and political dynamics. Furthermore, the proposed research seeks to fill the blanks in the existing literature by exploring how different classifications of social identities interact with one another and their effects on political behavior, ultimately leading to a greater understanding of how social identity shapes American politics. Research Design Statement of Next Steps: Expanding upon the existing data and literature about the correlations between social identity and how people vote and think about politics, the next step in this investigation is to look at how being part of certain ethnic and social groups influences how people vote in the United States as well as their political attitudes. This research wants to figure out if a person's ethnic identity has an impact on whether or not they vote for candidates from the same ethnic group while taking several other relevant factors into account. Restated Research Question: How does social identity, including factors like ethnicity or socioeconomic status, affect voter behavior and political attitudes?

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Causal Relationship and Methods: Dependent Variable: Voting Behavior, Political attitudes, political affiliation Independent Variable: Social identity, race, socioeconomic identity, religion Data Source: The data for this study will be derived from a combination of sources, including voter registration records, demographic surveys, and election results. Voter registration records will provide information on individuals' demographic characteristics, including ethnicity, age, gender, and party affiliation. Demographic surveys will offer additional insights into individuals' self- reported ethnic identity and voting preferences. Election results data will be used to track the voting behavior of different demographic groups in past elections. Analytical Approach: To establish a causal relationship between ethnic identity and voting behavior, a quasi- experimental approach will be employed, utilizing a combination of statistical techniques, including regression analysis and propensity score matching. 1. Regression Analysis: Regression models will be used to examine how ethnic identity links to how people vote, while also considering other factors like age, gender, education, income, and party affiliation. i will use logistic regression to figure out how likely people are to vote for candidates who share their ethnic background, based on their sense of social identity. 2. Propensity Score Matching: I will use matching scores to fight bias and other factors that might skew how we see the link between ethnic identity and voting. By pairing

people who have similar scores based on their demographics, this method lets me more accurately see how ethnic identity might cause changes in voting behavior. 3. Mediation Analysis: This mode of analysis will be used to see how other factors, like political beliefs or party loyalty, might act as go-betweens in the connection between social identity and how people vote or what they believe politically. This will help understand how social identity can shape political actions. 4. Comparative Analysis. This analysis will compare different groups (like different races/ethnicities, or different levels of wealth) to see how social identity's impact on voting and political opinions changes across different groups. This analysis will help identify potential disparities and differences in political engagement among various population segments. 5. Justification: The chosen analytical approach allows for the examination of the causal relationship between social identity (like ethnic identity) and voting behavior and political attitudes while controlling for potential confounding variables. Regression analysis provides insights into the strength of correlation and direction of the relationship, while propensity score matching enhances the strength of the findings by addressing selection bias and other sources of potential bias. Conclusion: By using a quasi-experimental approach combining regression analysis and propensity score matching, this research aims to provide a nuanced understanding of how ethnic identity influences voter behavior in the United States. By controlling for relevant confounding variables

and utilizing multiple data sources, this study seeks to contribute valuable insights into the complex interplay between social identity and political behavior. Annotated Bibliography This research aims to answer how social identity, affects voter behavior and political attitudes in the US. The goal is to investigate the impact of social identity, considering factors such as ethnicity and socioeconomic status, on voter behavior and political psychology within Oklahoma. By looking into these dynamics, this study seeks to decipher how individuals' identities shape their decisions at the ballot box and their broader political attitudes. Understanding these connections can offer insights into the complexities of political engagement within the state, shedding light on possible disparities and influences that contribute to the cultivation of attitudes and voting patterns among Americans. bramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L. (2006). Exploring the Bases of Partisan Support in the American Electorate: Social Identity vs. Policy Preferences. Political Research Quarterly, 59 (2), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290605900203 ○ Abramowitz and Saunders argue over whether social identity or policy preferences primarily drive partisan support among American voters. They suggest that social identity, including factors such as race, ethnicity, and religion, plays a dramatic role in influencing voter behavior. This source provides valuable insights into the relationship between social identity and political attitudes.

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Cho, W. K. T., & Tsuchiya, T. (2020). Racial and Ethnic Group Consciousness and Political Participation: Comparing Asian Americans and Latinos. American Politics Research, 48 (3), 349–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X19863532 ○ Cho and Tsuchiya investigate the correlation between racial and ethnic group consciousness and political engagement, particularly among Asian Americans and Latinos. Their findings suggest that group consciousness positively influences political participation among both groups. This source illustrates how social identity sways the political behavior of specific ethnic communities in the United States. Enos, R. D. (2017). What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior. American Journal of Political Science, 61 (2), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12265 ○ Enos explores the impact of racial threats on political behavior by studying the destruction of public housing in Chicago. He argues that exposure to racial threats leads to more political engagement and support for conservative policies among white Americans. Gay, C., & Tate, K. (1998). Doubly Bound: The Impact of Gender and Race on the Politics of Black Women. Political Psychology, 19 (1), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895x.00091

○ Gay and Tate analyze the intertwining influences of gender and race on the political attitudes and behavior of African American women. They suggest that Black women experience unique forms of political marginalization due to their multifaced identities. This source highlights the complexity of social identity and its implications for voter behavior among minority groups. Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993). Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37 (1), 119–147. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111526 ○ Huddy and Terkildsen investigate the effects of gender stereotypes on the perception of male and female political candidates. Their findings suggest that gender stereotypes greatly shape voter evaluations of candidates, particularly in terms of perceived competence and leadership ability. This study analyses how social identity intersects with gender to influence political attitudes. Iyengar, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2015). Fear and Loathing across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization. American Journal of Political Science, 59 (3), 690–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12152 ○ Iyengar and Westwood explore the concept of group polarization, particularly the role of social identity in intensifying partisan divisions. Their findings suggest that individuals' attitudes become more intense when they perceive their group as

threatened or oppressed by an opposing group. This study furthers our understanding of the role of social identity in US political polarization. Mason, L. (2018). Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity. University of Chicago Press. ○ Mason examines the rising trend of political polarization in the United States, suggesting that politics has become intersected with personal identity. She examines how social identities, such as race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic class, shape individuals' political attitudes and behavior. This book gives a detailed analysis of the effects of social identity on American politics. Sears, D. O., & Henry, P. J. (2005). Over thirty years later: A contemporary look at symbolic racism and its impact. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37 , 95–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(05)37002-7 ○ Sears and Henry cover the concept of symbolic racism and its impact on contemporary political attitudes. They suggest that symbolic racism continues to shape racial attitudes and political behavior, especially among caucasian

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Americans. This source provides valuable perspectives into the persistence of racial biases in the political world. Tesler, M. (2016). Post-Racial or Most-Racial? Race and Politics in the Obama Era. The University of Chicago Press . https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226352997.001.0001 Tesler investigates the role of race in influencing political attitudes and behavior during the Obama era. He argues that despite hopes for a post-racial society, race remains a significant and influential factor in American politics. This book offers a detailed analysis of how the social identity of voters influences their behavior and political attitudes in the United States. Valentino, N. A., & Sears, D. O. (2005). Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South. American Journal of Political Science, 49 (3), 672–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00147.x Valentino and Sears examine the correlation between race and party affiliation in the contemporary South. Their findings show that racial attitudes significantly influence party affiliation and voting attitudes among white Southerners. This study contributes to our understanding of how race and ethnicity influence political dynamics in specific regions of the United States.

References Abramowitz, A. I., & Saunders, K. L. (2006). Exploring the Bases of Partisan Support in the American Electorate: Social Identity vs. Policy Preferences. Political Research Quarterly, 59(2), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/106591290605900203 Cho, W. K. T., & Tsuchiya, T. (2020). Racial and Ethnic Group Consciousness and Political Participation: Comparing Asian Americans and Latinos. American Politics Research, 48(3), 349–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X19863532 Enos, R. D. (2017). What the Demolition of Public Housing Teaches Us about the Impact of Racial Threat on Political Behavior. American Journal of Political Science, 61(2), 285–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12265 Gay, C., & Tate, K. (1998). Doubly Bound: The Impact of Gender and Race on the Politics of Black Women. Political Psychology, 19(1), 169–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895x.00091

Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993). Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 119–147. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111526 Iyengar, S., & Westwood, S. J. (2015). Fear and Loathing across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization. American Journal of Political Science, 59(3), 690–707. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12152 Mason, L. (2018). Uncivil Agreement: How Politics Became Our Identity. University of Chicago Press. Sears, D. O., & Henry, P. J. (2005). Over thirty years later: A contemporary look at symbolic racism and its impact. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 95–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(05)37002-7 Tesler, M. (2016). Post-Racial or Most-Racial? Race and Politics in the Obama Era. The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226352997.001.0001 Valentino, N. A., & Sears, D. O. (2005). Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 672–688. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00147.x

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