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1 ESSAY ELEVEN Essay Eleven Kaylie Shannon Eastern Kentucky University

2 ESSAY ELEVEN Essay Eleven Public perceptions of the police differ from age, race, gender, socioeconomic status, and contact with the police. “A liberal or conservative ideology affects how people perceive the police. For the most part, the general public tends to view police positively, but there are areas within most jurisdictions where they are viewed negatively. Public perceptions of what police do and how effective they are affect public participation in crime-reduction programs and political support for police, police programs, and crime-related legislation. Numerous groups and subgroups of people within each jurisdiction may have differing perceptions of police in dealing with community programs” (Gaines, et. Al, 2022, pp. 378-379). “Even though citizens support police generally, this support is not uniform across all groups” (Gaines, et. Al, 2022, p. 379). With age, “older persons tend to view police more positively than younger people do. Younger persons are resistant and less respectful to authority figures and they also value their freedom and resent control” (Gaines, et. Al, 2022, p. 380). When police officers target youth for minor violations, they see this as police trying to take away their freedom. With race, “white people most often have higher opinions of police, and are more supportive of aggressive crime-control measures, and are skeptical of criticisms of police. African Americans, on the other hand, consistently rate the police lower. This is evidenced by the Black Lives Matter movement where citizens protest excessive use of force against African Americans” (Gaines, et. Al, 2022, pp. 380-381). Carter and Cheurprakobkit researched on Hispanic’s attitudes towards police. Carter “found that Hispanics believed the police did a poor job of investigating crimes, had a bad attitude, needed to decrease response times, and reduce the level of discrimination against Hispanics” (Gaines, et. Al, 2022, p. 381). “However,

3 ESSAY ELEVEN Cheurprakobkit found that Hispanics had a more positive view of police in comparison to African Americans and Spanish speaking Hispanics were more cooperative and viewed the police more positively than did English speaking Hispanics” (Gaines, et. Al, 2022, p. 381). With socioeconomic status, “persons from a lower socioeconomic background are less likely to view police positively. Minorities in poor urban neighborhoods have some of the lowest approval ratings of police. The reason for these perceptions include perceived injustice, lack of concern and attention on the part of the police, and ineffectiveness in comparison to level of services provided to more wealthy neighborhoods” (Gaines, et. Al, 2022, p. 382). With contacts with police, “research indicates that positive contacts have a stronger influence than negative contacts. Reisig and Chandek found that citizens’ satisfaction is based on their expectation. If police actions meet their expectations, they are satisfied, but if police provide an inadequate level of service or exhibit what is perceived as a negative demeanor, citizens become dissatisfied” (Gaines, et. Al, 2022, p. 382). Benefits to police and community are “an expanded outlook on crime control and prevention, encouraging community members to become active problem-solvers, educating the public on public safety issues, decreased crime, identifying the root cause of neighborhood crime, and increased trust in law enforcement” (Tasiopoulous, 2022, par. 4). Good relations that come from the police and community involve “organizational transformation, community partnerships, and shared problem-solving” (Tasiopoulous, 2022, par. 6). The drug war and a shift towards tough law enforcement has affected the public’s perception of police because “Americans do not think that the War on Drugs has succeeded, but they do not want to quit on these efforts. Weak support exists for increasing funding for drug

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4 ESSAY ELEVEN treatment. For many, illicit drug use is a moral, rather than public health issue” (Blendon, et. al, 1998, par. 1). Curfews on crime is another factor in the affect of public perception of police. “Cole found that curfews did not reduce crime in Washington, D.C. and McDowell and Wiersema examined effects of juvenile curfew laws and found that they did not reduce crime. Citizens see these laws as a way to promote parental responsibility and to deal with youth who are potentially engaging in criminal behavior” (Gaines, et. al, 2022, p. 391). “The general theory of crime prevention explains that self control predicts hosts among criminals and other people with similar behavior under relatively similar conditions” (Helfer, et. al, 2022, par. 1). Situational crime prevention and its “adherents believe crime is a product of rational choice where criminals weight the likelihood of being covered with potential benefits of the act. Crime prevention plays a key role in reducing crime in the fact that increases in difficulty of committing the crime and likelihood of apprehension resulted in reduced levels of crime” (Gaines, et. al, 2022, p. 400). Primary crime prevention “consists of efforts to identify and manage conditions within the social and physical environment that provide opportunities for or precipitate crime” (Gaines, et. al, 2022, p. 384). Secondary crime prevention “focuses on persons and the community to identify potential criminals and high crime areas and to address problems that causes crime and focuses on removing and reducing a criminal's desire to commit crime” (Gaines, et. al, 2022, p. 384). Tertiary crime prevention “deals with individuals who have committed criminal acts. In some cases, individuals must be incarcerated for long periods of time because they continue to be a threat to society. In other cases, treatment and rehabilitation, coupled with incarceration, might diminish the likelihood of future criminal behavior” (Gaines, et. al, 2022, pp. 385-386).

5 ESSAY ELEVEN The broken window thesis is the argument “that the physical decline of a neighborhood, to a great extent, invites crime” (Gaines, et. al, 2022, p. 387). This is applied to crime prevention in the aspects of environmental design and access control. “Environmental design means that citizens take extraordinary steps to make homes and neighborhoods even more difficult to victimize” (Gaines, et. al, 2022, p. 387). Access control is “physical changes made to inhibit or control people in and out of an area. The physical environment is constructed so that persons entering and leaving a premise are controlled and monitored” (Gaines, et. al, 2022, p. 387). Community policing evolvement started off with the Civil Rights movement in the 1960’s. “Individual elements of community policing, such as improvements in the police-community relations, emerged slowly from political and social upheavals surrounding the Civil Rights movement” (Web Solutions, 2023, par. 2). Academic interest in the 1970's with the involvement of “the Kansas City Patrol Experiment demonstrated that increasing routine preventive control and police response time had a limited impact on crime reduction, allowing citizens’ fear of crime, and increasing community satisfaction with police service” (Web Solutions, 2023, par. 4). “Interest in the development of community policing accelerated with the 1982 article publication of Broken Windows” (Web Solutions, 2023, par. 15). In the “twenty first century, the momentum behind community policing shows no sign of slowing down” (Web Solutions, 2023, par. 17). “Foot patrol and police community cooperation were integral parts of Goldstein’s approach. These factors could contribute to a police officer’s capacity to identify and solve neighborhood problems. Goldstein showed how increased cooperation between police and the community could do more than reduce fear of crime” (Web Solutions, 2023, par. 8).

6 ESSAY ELEVEN A few challenges of implementing community policing include “a lack of prioritization of these new practices by police leadership, the rotation to new posts of police officers who had championed the effort and were trained to implement it, and limited resources to follow up on concerns raised by citizens” (Morgan, 2021, par. 15). “Police legitimacy is where people recognize and accept the authority of the police to the point that they willfully obey the law. Research has demonstrated that legitimacy results in people accepting police decisions. Legitimacy, according to Sunshine and Taylor, occurs when there are credible sanctions for those who break the law, when there is an effective control of crime, and when services are fairly distributed across people and communities” (Gaines, et. al, 2022, p. 405). “Procedural justice is an important underpinning for legitimacy. When the factors of performance, risk, and distributive fairness are not met, people tend to question police legitimacy and they are deemed illegitimate because they are not performing their responsibilities to the level expected and procedural justice is absent. Citizen evaluation of police procedural justice occurs in every interaction between police and the public” (Gaines, et. al, 2022, p. 405).

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7 ESSAY ELEVEN References Gaines, L.K., Kappeler, V.E., & Powell, Z.A. (2022) 6. In Policing in America ( 9 th ed., pp. 378-4 05). essay, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. Helfer, S., & Loux, M. (2022, May 25). Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Research Sc hools, Degrees & Careers . Study.com | Take Online Courses. Earn College Credit. Researc h Schools, Degrees and Careers. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://study.com/learn/less on/general-theory-of-crime-overview-examples-crime-theories-explained.html. JT;, B. R. J. Y. (1998). The Public and the War on Illicit Drugs . JAMA. Retrieved April 26, 202 3, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9515986/. Morgan, M. (2021, November 30). Community Policing: A Better Way to Improve Policing or a Bust? FSI. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://fsi.stanford.edu/news/community-policing -better-way-intervene-or-bust-practice#:~:text=We%20identified%20three%20primary%20 constraints,and%20(c)%20limited%20resources%20to. Solutions, W. (2023). Police: Community Policing – Origins and Evolution of Community

8 ESSAY ELEVEN Policing . Origins and Evolution of Community Policing – Crime, Patrol, Foot, and Neighbo rhood – JRank Articles. Retrieved April 26, 2023, from https://law.jrank.org/pages/1649/Pol ice-Community-Policing-Origins-evolution-community-policing.html. Tasiopoulous, J. (2022, August 3). Exploring Community Policing . Rave Mobile Safety. Retrieve d April 26, 2023, from https://ravemobilesafety.com/blog/exploring-community-policing/.

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