PSY 550 2-1 SHORT PAPER

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Test Development Nautica Peden Southern New Hampshire University PSY 550 Measurements and Assessments Professor Salahuddin September 25, 2023

A Good Test “In order for a test to be considered good, it should include clear instructions for administering, scoring, and interpretation” (Cohen, 2022). Basically, it must measure what it is supposed to measure. Additionally, it must utilize the principles of test development. Test development is just a term that tells test developers the process of what is needed to create a good test. There are five stages: test conceptualization, test construction, test tryout, item analysis, and test revision. Test conceptualization is the idea of what the developer would want the test to be like or what it will assess. Once you have your idea, then you will start the test construction process. This is when the test will actually be written, how it will be formatted, and most importantly the scoring scale. Next, the test will be administered to a sample of test takers utilizing the same set of rules that will be used for the final test. Then, in the item analysis phase, the performance data will be collected to figure out what is good to use or what needs to be revised or discarded. Also, in this stage, the reliability and validity of test questions will be analyzed and considered. Finally, you have entered the test revision phase. In this phase, action will be taken to modify the test to improve it. After the test has been revised, then it will be re- administered. Validity and Reliability “A good test, measuring tool, or procedure is considered reliable” (Cohen, 2022). To be reliable, things have to be consistent and measured in the same way. For example, if you weigh something on a scale and each time the weight is the same or about the same, it is considered accurate. When measuring a test, there must be some level of accuracy. Reliability also determines validity. “A test is considered valid for a particular purpose if it does, in fact, measure

what it purports to measure” (Cohen et al., 2022). For example, if a test were to measure time and it does, then it is considered valid. Cultural, Environmental, and Ethical Considerations Cultural, environmental, and ethical considerations are important when creating a good test. Cultural considerations in test taking can fall into the categories of language, their era or times, and communication of a specific culture. Some of the individuals who take the test might have a language barrier, so it would be hard to understand the wording of the test. If they can’t understand the wording of the test, then it will be hard to communicate when trying to ask a question. As a result, the test may be incomplete due to not having enough time. No two people are the same, it is important to consider all cultures because what may be socially acceptable to one culture may not be the same for the other. “The data of the test should be scored, interpreted, and analyzed in its cultural context with due consideration of cultural hypotheses as possible explanations for findings” (Cohen et al., 2022) It is important to make sure that all environmental factors are being taken into consideration. If your environment is not up to par, then it can cause distractions to the test takers. According to Brown (2015), environmental issues that can affect test takers are the lighting, temperature, noise, or even the administrator itself. To successfully administer a good test in a decent environment, it must reduce distractions, fatigue, and confusion so the test takers can give their best performance. When developers are making a test then they must make sure that they uphold the ethical principles of psychologists and the code of conduct. This can be found in Section 9: Assessments. Section 9.02 Use of Assessments states, “ Psychologists use assessment instruments whose validity and reliability have been established for use with members of the

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population tested. When such validity or reliability has not been established, psychologists describe the strengths and limitations of test results and interpretation” (APA,2017). Section 9.03 is Informed consent of assessment. It is important to make sure that all parties are clear on the purpose of the assessment and confidentiality. Section 9.05: Test Constructions is important to know when creating a good test. Section 9.05 states, “Psychologists who develop tests and other assessment techniques use appropriate psychometric procedures and current scientific or professional knowledge for test design, standardization, validation, reduction or elimination of bias, and recommendations for use” (APA, 2017). There are several other parts to section 9, but when abiding by all these ethical guidelines, there is no doubt that a good test will not be created. Normed for Population “Normed-referenced testing and assessment is known as a method of evaluation and a way of deriving meaning from test scores by evaluating a test taker's score and comparing it to the scores of other test takers” (Cohen et al. 2022). These tests use a normative or standardization sample from the general population to determine what is normal in a specific population. Examples of these tests are the SAT, IQ test, and tests that are graded on a curve. After the completion of these tests, your result will show what percentile on a scale that you fall on in relation to your peers or others in that same population. Self-reported and Self-administered Tests A self-reported test is when an individual takes a test that reflects their own beliefs or feelings. Examples of these tests can include the different varieties of personality tests. Some strengths of self-reported tests are that they are easy, quick, and inexpensive. A self-reported test can be administered to several test takers at a time without any issue. However, the weaknesses are that when taking these tests, some individuals are biased. They are so focused on what is

socially acceptable that they may alter their decision based on society instead of themselves, which raises concern of validity. On the other hand, self- administered tests are tests that you take by yourself without. Examples of these types of tests are at home tests. Some strengths are that you can easily complete the test yourself without having to worry about anybody rushing you or standing over your shoulder and that it can be done quickly. However, weaknesses of this is that you may not know how to interpret your result and there will be confusion. There is also a risk for developing inaccurate results if done correctly. References

American Psychological Association (2017). Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa/org/ethics/code/ Brown, L. I. (2015). What is this test really testing? Validity, reliability, and test ethics. The SAGE Guide to Educational Leadership and Management , 153-167. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483346649.n19 Cohen, R. J., Schneider, W. J., & Tobin, R. M. (2022). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement . McGraw Hill.

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