PSY 632 4-2 SHORT PAPER

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1 Montessori: The Forgotten Theory Nautica Peden Southern New Hampshire University PSY 632 Developmental Psychology Dr. Sal October 9, 2023

2 History Dr. Maria Montessori was the first female in Italy to graduate with a medical degree. She founded the Montessori Method in 1907. “The Montessori Method was known as a child-focused approach that is student-led and self-paced but guided, assessed, and enriched by knowledgeable and caring teachers, the leadership of their peers, and a nurturing environment” (American Montessori Society, 2023). She believed that all children are born with potential, but they just need that extra push to make it come out of them. When children are given the freedom to learn at their own pace, they are able to make deep connections ensuring that they understand each concept, which in return, will allow them to become more confident, enthusiastic, and self- directed learners. Montessori Method in Relation to Learning Theories Dr. Montessori's Method was heavily focused on utilizing the environment and limiting interaction with the instructor. Instead, the teacher is skilled. “One of the teacher’s roles is to guide the child through what Montessori termed the 'prepared environment, i.e., a classroom and a way of learning that are designed to support the child’s intellectual, physical, emotional and social development through active exploration, choice and independent learning” (Marshall, 2017). The purpose of this is to aid in helping the child’s optimal development unfold. In today’s society, education focuses heavily on academic studies such as math, science, history, english and social studies. Montessori is distinguished from Piaget's and Vygotsky’s learning theories because she believed that each child develops differently in their time period. The different time periods consist of infants (birth- 18 months) and toddlers (18 months- 3 years old), early childhood (2.5 years old - 6 years old, Elementary (6 -12 years old), and Secondary (12-18 years old). She

3 believed that children should have a desire to learn instead of worrying about being graded. “Piaget (1952) viewed infants and children as active explorers who learn by interacting with the world, building their own understanding of everyday phenomena, and applying their understanding to adapt to the world around them” (Kuther, 2023). She believed that children developed through schemes and within each level of scheme, their logical thinking changes. “Lev Vygotsky believed that we construct our understanding of the world around us, but he emphasized social interactions and culture as central to cognitive development” (Kuther, 2023). Meaning that their social ability plays an overall role in how they develop, and children rely on people in order to learn. Montessori's approach can be similar to Piaget’s in the stage’s aspect, however, it is less recognized by researchers because there are concerns in regards to its effectiveness and too much time is spent on life skills. Critique The Montessori Method implies sensitivity to diversity because this method is designed to be implemented at home or in a classroom. There is always a diverse community with different ages and levels of knowledge. “O ne-third of the class is new to the class each year; one- third has had a year's experience, and the third-year students are experienced veterans” (Cutler, 2023). Children are encouraged to be open-minded and experience the world in which way they choose to. This method supports the understanding and diversity of the world throughout certain interactions, lessons, stories, and research.

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4 References American Montessori Society. What is montessori education? . What Is Montessori Education. (n.d.-b). https://amshq.org/About-Montessori/What-Is-Montessori Cutler, D. (n.d.). Diversity series: How the montessori approach enriches learning . Diversity Series: How the Montessori Approach Enriches Learning. https://www.ourkids.net/school/diversity-series-montessori-classroom Kuther, T. L. (2023). Lifespan development in context: A topical approach. SAGE. Marshall, C. (2017). Montessori education: a review of the evidence base. NPJ Science of Learning, 2 , 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-017-0012-7

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