Sexuality and Gender Roles in Autism: A Study Summary

Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #1) Bejerot, S., & Eriksson, J. M. (2014). Sexuality and gender role in autism spectrum disorder: a case c study. PloS one, 9(1), e87961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087961 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt What is the background and rationale given for why this research is needed or worthwhile? What is the research question and/or hypothesis(es)? If the male typical behavior and perception is weakened in ASD then both sexes and gender identity will be less pronounced. 9.0 pts What participants are used for this study/research? How many? Race? Gender? Age? Other demographics? If insufficient info., specify this. Participants within this study involved 103 Swedish adults. 26 men and 24 women were diagnosed with autism and in the control group 28 men and 25 women matched on gender and age demographics. They were recruited through an outpatient tertiary psychiatric unit for adults, community based center, and website for adults with ASD. The control group was selected based on the group with ASD to match the gender and age of the individuals. Both groups were of Swedish/Caucasian descent and age between 20 and 47 years. The demographics for this experiment is listed in Table 1. 9.0 pts

Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #1) Bejerot, S., & Eriksson, J. M. (2014). Sexuality and gender role in autism spectrum disorder: a case c study. PloS one, 9(1), e87961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087961 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt What methods were used to answer the research question(s) (e.g. questionnaires, analysis of archival data, actual experiments, observations). NOTE: Needs to be described so have a clear picture of what was done. Gender role was assessed by using the swedish modification of the Bem Sex Role inventory that measures between masculine and feminine traits. The used single adjectives with full statements and used the Likert to scale the answers as totally disagree, slightly disagree, slightly agree or fully agree. This was assessed with 17 items each and 9 items that were gender neutral. For the masculine scale statements focused on power, assertiveness, leadership abilities and competitiveness while female scale statements measured how tender, caring and submissive a person is. They also utilized AQ with a 50 item self evaluation questionnaire to assess the personal preferences and habits and "The Reading the Mind in the Eyes test" that deciphers emotions in photos of expressive sets of eyes. This helps with gender variation in the neurotypical people. They also assessed gender role, gender identity and typicality, libido, sexual preferences and limitations within this study. 9.0 pts

Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #1) Bejerot, S., & Eriksson, J. M. (2014). Sexuality and gender role in autism spectrum disorder: a case c study. PloS one, 9(1), e87961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087961 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt What were the findings, or research outcomes? Please quantify if this is given? Was the research hypothesis(es) supported, or not? Results show that the masculine sexuality is rarely shown within individuals with ASD. They tend to have a lower sex drive than a neurotypical human being. When heterosexual and homosexual is being discussed the groups of bisexuality and tomboyish is being over-represented because this can be formulated in the elevated levels of androgen's in foetal life. 9.0 pts Critique: Overall, what is your evaluation of this research article regarding the clarity of questions asked, participants and methods used, I believe that this evaluation was all over the place. The hypothesis was not represented clearly even with all the information provided. There was no clear focal point of why this experiment was being done they talked about a little bit of everything. I still don't understand how sexuality and gender roles relate to ASD and how they typically see themselves as more masculine or feminine. Also why is the study just limited to certain groups of people why not implement a variety of ethnicities and cultural backgrounds. Even though some of the questions were answered it still left me in the unknown for the reason 9.0 pts

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Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #1) Bejerot, S., & Eriksson, J. M. (2014). Sexuality and gender role in autism spectrum disorder: a case c study. PloS one, 9(1), e87961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087961 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt and its findings? Were the questions adequately answered? What suggestions would you make for future research in this area? of this study. Quality of writing and APA Style Citation ***THIS BOX FOR GRADING USE ONLY- DO NOT COMPLETE*** 5.0 pts Total Points: 50.0

Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #2) Carruthers, S., Kinnaird, E., Rudra, A., Smith, P., Allison, C., Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., Wakabaya Baron-Cohen, S., Bakolis, I., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2018). A cross-cultural study of autistic traits across Japan and the UK. Molecular Autism, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0235-3 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt What is the background and rationale given for why this research is needed or worthwhile? What is the research question and/or hypothesis(es)? If a better screening instrument is developed globally then it will help identify key indicators of diagnosing autistic traits even with the differences of expression. 9.0 pts What participants are used for this study/research? How many? Race? Gender? Age? Other demographics? If insufficient info., specify this. For India participants were recruited from Delhi and Kolkata. The children diagnosed with autism were selected from a non-profit organisation in both cities. 75 children with autism and 81 neurotypical children between the ages of four and eight were recruited for this study. In Japan children were selected through special education schools in Tokyo and neurotypical children from mainstream schools. From 116 autistic children and 190 neurotypical children between the ages of four and nine were recruited for this study. In the UK the data was collected by the Autism Research Center (ARC) at the University of Cambridge. They were selected by volunteers through a study of social and communication skills at mainstream primary schools. The children for this study consisted of 488 autistic children and 532 neurotypical children that ranged from ages four to nine. 9.0 pts

Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #2) Carruthers, S., Kinnaird, E., Rudra, A., Smith, P., Allison, C., Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., Wakabaya Baron-Cohen, S., Bakolis, I., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2018). A cross-cultural study of autistic traits across Japan and the UK. Molecular Autism, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0235-3 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt What methods were used to answer the research question(s) (e.g. questionnaires, analysis of archival data, actual experiments, observations). NOTE: Needs to be described so have a clear picture of what was done. The method used for this experiment is the Autism Spectrum Quotient ( AQ-Child) which consists of 50 statements that can be related to an autistic child and their traits. This assesses the range of characteristics through different domains including attention switching, attention to detail, communication, social skills and imagination. To make this study more functional it was translated into each country native language to have more validation on paper. In the UK this experiment was conducted by either parent, in Japan it was conducted by the mother, and in India it was conducted by either parent. The parents were given a 4 point Likert scale to indicate whether they disagree, slightly disagree, slightly agree or definitely agree with each statement. The item scores were then formatted into binary scoring so the analyses align with the previous work. When a relevant item that was scored as 1 indicated an autistic trait and any score of 0 indicated a negative response. Discrimination indices (DI) and positive predictive values (PPV) identified the most predictive items in each country. 9.0 pts

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Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #2) Carruthers, S., Kinnaird, E., Rudra, A., Smith, P., Allison, C., Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., Wakabaya Baron-Cohen, S., Bakolis, I., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2018). A cross-cultural study of autistic traits across Japan and the UK. Molecular Autism, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0235-3 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt What were the findings, or research outcomes? Please quantify if this is given? Was the research hypothesis(es) supported, or not? According to the DI and PPV values 16 items were sampled in India, 15 AQ-child items in Japan and 28 items for the UK exceeded the threshold. This excellent item performance consists of, easily keeping track of different conversations, enjoys social chit-chat, knows if someone listening is getting bored, good at social chit-chat and finds it difficult to work out people's intentions. This shows that within cultures that it is possible for them to adapt. This also indicated that with cultural differences there is a universality of autistic traits across the map with that it will help with more of a screening tool that can be used within any culture. 9.0 pts

Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #2) Carruthers, S., Kinnaird, E., Rudra, A., Smith, P., Allison, C., Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., Wakabaya Baron-Cohen, S., Bakolis, I., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2018). A cross-cultural study of autistic traits across Japan and the UK. Molecular Autism, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0235-3 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt Critique: Overall, what is your evaluation of this research article regarding the clarity of questions asked, participants and methods used, and its findings? Were the questions adequately answered? What suggestions would you make for future research in this area? Ultimately they stuck within the same criteria method for implementing this experiment. But overall I would have stayed within the same range of the amount participants that were recruited for this experiment because then it would have had a more stable validation with the results because with an unstable number of recruitment this higher possibility of error discrimination indices and positive predictive values within each country. Overall, the hypothesis was stated clearly and the methods were thoroughly thought out on how to keep the results somewhat functional even with drastic number differential numbers of recruitment for each country but more screening tools need to be developed for cross cultural diagnosis of ASD. 9.0 pts

Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #2) Carruthers, S., Kinnaird, E., Rudra, A., Smith, P., Allison, C., Auyeung, B., Chakrabarti, B., Wakabaya Baron-Cohen, S., Bakolis, I., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2018). A cross-cultural study of autistic traits across Japan and the UK. Molecular Autism, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0235-3 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt Quality of writing and APA Style Citation ***THIS BOX FOR GRADING USE ONLY- DO NOT COMPLETE*** 5.0 pts Total Points: 50.0

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Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #3) Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Donaldson, A., & Varley (2010). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Den Model. Pediatrics, 125(1), e17–e23. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0958 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt What is the background and rationale given for why this research is needed or worthwhile? What is the research question and/or hypothesis(es)? If young children with autism receive early intervention then they will develop significant improvement cognitively. In 1987 49% of children diagnosed with ASD were able to succeed in regular classrooms and showed and increase in IQ gains. 9.0 pts What participants are used for this study/research? How many? Race? Gender? Age? Other demographics? If insufficient info., specify this. The participants in this study were recruited from different pediatric practices such as preschools, hospitals and state and local autism organizations.Forty- eight children between the ages of 18 months and 30 months and diagnosed with autism or pervasive developmental disorder were selected for this study. The participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. The first group was the Early Start Denver Model (EDSM) and the second group was to assess and monitor (A/M). The different ethnicities involved were Latino (12.5%), Asian (12.5%), white (72.9%) and multiracial (14.6%). 9.0 pts

Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #3) Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Donaldson, A., & Varley (2010). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Den Model. Pediatrics, 125(1), e17–e23. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0958 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt What methods were used to answer the research question(s) (e.g. questionnaires, analysis of archival data, actual experiments, observations). NOTE: Needs to be described so have a clear picture of what was done. By randomization the participants were put in two groups based on IQ during the entry exam and gender to make sure we develop accurate results and keep the ratios comparable. The two interventions were EDSM and A/M groups. The EDSM was provided by trained therapists for a 2 hour session, twice per day, 5 days/week, for 2 years along with an intervention manual and curriculum. Each parent received training by the primary therapist and were asked to use these strategies during daily activities and keep track of the hours when they were being used during daily activity. Each plan was individualized for each child so none of the strategies were the same and stayed consistent within the principles of ABA. The parents strategies involved feeding, bath time, and play. The parents were in charge of picking the curriculum day by day based on the high priority for their child. The A/M group received comprehensive diagnostic evaluations, intervention recommendations , and community referrals. The families received resource manuals and reading materials twice yearly throughout the study. They also received individual therapy for 9.1 hours and group interventions for 9.3 hours for a period of 2 years. Different measures were used to collect data such as Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, and Repetitive Behavior Scale. The Autism Diagnostic Interview- Revised consisted of a parent interview that assesses the symptoms of autism in 3 domains: social relatedness; communication; and repetitive, restricted behaviors. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule is a standardized observation that 9.0 pts

Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #3) Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Donaldson, A., & Varley (2010). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Den Model. Pediatrics, 125(1), e17–e23. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0958 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt measures symptoms such as communication, play, and repetitive behaviors. Mullen Scales of Early Learning is a standardized developmental test for children ages birth to 68 months. The sub scales that were administered were: fine motor, visual reception, expressive language, and receptive language. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales is a parent interview that assesses social, communication, motor, and daily living skills. Repetitive Behavior Scale is a parent questionnaire that assesses the severity of repetitive behaviors, 6 subdomain scores such as sameness and self injurious behavior. What were the findings, or research outcomes? Please quantify After 2 years of implementing the ESDM and A/M model the model that replicated more of the ABA strategies was the ESDM model. The study shows that implementing a relationship focused therapy session will help with more parent involvement and improve daily activities which help with improvements throughout the years especially when it 9.0 pts

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Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #3) Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Donaldson, A., & Varley (2010). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Den Model. Pediatrics, 125(1), e17–e23. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0958 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt if this is given? Was the research hypothesis(es) supported, or not? starts at a young age. Critique: Overall, what is your evaluation of this research article regarding the clarity of questions asked, participants and methods used, and its findings? Were the questions adequately answered? What suggestions would you make for future Personally from reading the background of this study I would do one group assessing children with ASD between the ages of 18-30 months and the second group ages of early adolescence. To really show the efficiency of the Early start Denver Model. Because some children are not diagnosed early on but can still be beneficial to adolescents that struggle with communication, motor, and daily living skills. Especially if this model is supposed to resemble strategies that are used within ABA. Overall, the participants and methods were clearly identified within the entire experiment and was thoroughly done to provide efficient results in how ESDM is being used to increase IQ scores and make daily activities easier within a short amount of time. 9.0 pts

Research Article Reviews Summary Sheet (Article #3) Dawson, G., Rogers, S., Munson, J., Smith, M., Winter, J., Greenson, J., Donaldson, A., & Varley (2010). Randomized, controlled trial of an intervention for toddlers with autism: the Early Start Den Model. Pediatrics, 125(1), e17–e23. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0958 Student name: JaNiqua Burton Course/section: SPCE 680- Questions Pt research in this area? Quality of writing and APA Style Citation ***THIS BOX FOR GRADING USE ONLY- DO NOT COMPLETE*** 5.0 pts Total Points: 50.0

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