PSY 321 7-2 Short Paper

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7-2 Short Paper: Module Seven Essay PSY: 321 Child Development Savannah Miller Southern New Hampshire University

When the teenage years come adolescent kids grow in various ways. The one that Fascinates me is cognitive development. In this point in time teenagers are able to develop from basic concrete thinking to being able to form logical operations. Parents play a big role in this development. This role can have both negative effect and positive effect. That purely is based on the parent. It’s included in the way that parents include their teenager in conversations doesn’t matter if big or small it can have a very positive effect on the way that the teen develops cognitively. Another way that parents can be the positive influence in their teenager’s development is when an idea or thought is voiced by the teen the parents can reinforce these ideas by encouraging further expression of these thoughts and ideas and even encouraging teenagers to be independent. The other people around them like classmates and friends can also have a big impact on their cognitive development. This is where the risky behavior comes into play. The brain can become stimulated by the reward system, and it learns to respond to the reward of risky behavior. This is in an example like underage drinking or stealing a parent’s car. In teens mind its yes this is bad, but I am cool to those around me, and I have a sense of freedom. The mind at that point doesn’t think about consequence only reward and riding on the “high” that the risky behavior causes with the rush of adrenaline. As teenagers grow though their mind grows as well and they mature. This is where they slowly start to be able to resist peer pressure and learn to stand on their own and not in the influence of others. Moral development is also something that happens during those teen years. This is when they learn moral right and wrong. It takes a certain special importance in teenagers because they can be faced with situations where they have to look inside themselves to answer those right and

wrong questions. This is also when they know how they should act and how they should treat and judge other people’s behaviors. Originally it is said that parents don’t have much of an effect on this part of their child’s development. That the biggest teacher or influence here is the classmates and friends that they surround themselves with. This idea strands off of the parent being an authoritative figure in their life and that teens shouldn’t and don’t really care to see things through a parent’s point of view. A lot of us I am sure can remember times when we did things that weren’t the smartest and got a chewing from our parents when in reality, they were just trying to help us see things from their point of view so maybe we would understand how they felt in that moment. This of course has been debated because it seems that the more authoritative or democratic approach a parent takes with their children the higher levels in morality those children have when they develop into teenagers. I believe that both parents and friends can have a large impact on a teenager’s moral development. The biggest thing in this whole thing is influence. Be it positive influence or negative influence. Parents who include their kids and take that authoritative approach have a better chance of having a more positive influence on their child than someone who takes the authoritarian approach which forces children to do things because the parent said with no negotiation or discussion. Simply because the parents said and in authoritarian parenting the parent is the law and what they say goes. Point. Blank. Period. No discussion. End of story. When teens feel heard and important it is such a huge impact on them and creates such a positive developmental state for them both cognitively and morally. Peers are the same way it is purely influence for them. Surround yourself with trouble friends and that teen will constantly be in trouble.

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References: Choosing Therapy. (2023). Authoritarian Parenting: Definition, characteristics, & Effectiveness. Choosing Therapy . https://www.choosingtherapy.com/authoritarian- parenting/#:~:text=Authoritarian%20parents%20place%20strict%20rules,simply %20want%20children%20to%20comply. American Psychological Association. (2017). Parenting styles . Apa.org. https://www.apa.org/act/resources/fact-sheets/parenting- styles#:~:text=Authoritative Moral Reasoning During Adolescence | Lifespan Development . (n.d.). Courses.lumenlearning.com. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm- lifespandevelopment/chapter/moral-development-during- adolescence/#:~:text=Moral%20Reasoning%20in %20Adolescence&text=Adolescents University of Rochester Medical Center. (2019). Cognitive development in adolescence . Rochester.edu. https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx? ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P01594

Group, T. H. D. T. & L. (n.d.). Puberty & Cognition. Pdx.pressbooks.pub . https://pdx.pressbooks.pub/humandevelopment/chapter/puberty-cognition/

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