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2012

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Two-year-old Malia learns that if she says “more milk, please” she always gets milk, which leads her to say please more often. Which concept best describes Malia’s learning process? Question 1 options: 1) incidental learning 2) intentional learning 3) classical conditioning 4) operant conditioning Question 2 (1 point) Saved Why do many individuals know the names of celebrities’ children even though they have never learned about them in school or in a textbook? Question 2 options: 1) This likely occurred via incidental learning due to exposure to the names via television and online media. 2) These individuals probably spent a lot of time engaging in intentional learning to ensure that they knew the celebrities’ children’s names. 3) They were likely rewarded for knowing celebrities’ children’s names by being seen as more popular. 4) Knowing celebrities’ children’s names likely resulted from classical conditioning. Question 3 (1 point) Saved Your friend is considering renting an apartment close to the train tracks and is worried that the train noises will bother her. What might you say, based on research, to reassure her? Question 3 options: 1) You will likely adjust to the noises and not notice them after a while.

2) Learning improves in environments with intermittent background noise. 3) If you study at home, the sounds of the train can serve as retrieval cues and aid your memory. 4) Because of auditory perceptual learning, the train noises will sound different to you every time, making living near the train tracks interesting and surprising. Question 4 (1 point) Saved A student who reviews his notes every day after class is engaging in ____________ learning. Question 4 options: 1) incidental 2) intentional 3) nonassociative 4) associative Question 5 (1 point) Saved After watching many Olympic medal ceremonies, Barak finds himself humming along with the national anthem of Singapore even though he did not know it before and did not try to learn it. What is this an example of? Question 5 options: 1) habituation 2) operant conditioning

3) classical conditioning 4) implicit learning Question 6 (1 point) Saved Your friend got a terrible grade on his first exam in a class. He is convinced that he should drop the class because clearly he does not have what it takes to do well. Based on what you learned in this module, what would you tell him? Question 6 options: 1) Academic success is determined in large part by working memory capacity, which does not change. If you did badly on the first test, you will probably keep doing badly so dropping the class is a good idea. 2) Effort is the most important factor in learning. If you try harder, you should do better on the next exam. 3) Using effective study strategies is very important. If you are willing to change your strategies, you should do better on the next exam. 4) Time is the most important factor in learning. If you put more time into studying, you should do better on the next exam. Question 7 (1 point) Saved What is encoding? Question 7 options: 1) making meaning of new information 2) purposeful, intentional learning 3) the act of putting information into memory 4) accidental learning Question 8 (1 point)

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Saved Which of the following statements about incidental versus intentional learning is correct? Question 8 options: 1) Intentional learning is more effective than incidental learning. 2) Incidental learning is more effective than intentional learning. 3) Whether incidental or intentional learning is more effective depends on what type of learning is being assessed and the type of intentional strategies used. 4) Whether incidental or intentional learning is more effective depends on the intelligence and expertise of the learner. Question 9 (1 point) Saved Fear conditioning can play a role in creating __________ in humans. Question 9 options: 1) anxiety disorders 2) depressive disorders 3) personality disorders 4) learning disabilities Question 10 (1 point) Saved The stimulus controlling the operant response is called a __________ stimulus. For example, students do not learn simply when material is set in front of them. Instead, the material sets the occasion for learning to occur. Question 10 options:

1) reflexive 2) discriminative 3) contextual 4) temporal Question 11 (1 point) Saved In a “Skinner box” experiments with rats the rats can learn: Question 11 options: 1) to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet 2) to quit pressing a lever when reinforced with a food pellet 3) rats were unable to learn new behaviors. 4) rat’s behavior varied over several days. Question 12 (1 point) Saved When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. Her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that’s exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept can explain this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e. enjoyment of the cupcake)? Question 12 options: 1) conditioned compensatory responses

2) reinforcement responses 3) operant conditioning 4) taste aversion conditioning Question 13 (1 point) Saved Which of the following examples is consistent with the Law of Effect? Question 13 options: 1) The more you play soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer. 2) The younger you are when you begin to play soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer. 3) The more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer. 4) The more you watch soccer on TV, the more likely you will continue to play soccer. Question 14 (1 point) Saved When Leanne was classically conditioned, she was in a room that had a waterfall painted on one wall. Now, when she goes hiking and sees an actual waterfall, she produces a conditioned response. This change in environment that can cause renewal effects is also known as what? Question 14 options: 1) the adaptation of learning 2) the extinction of a stimuli 3) the strength of association

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4) the change in context Question 15 (1 point) Saved The “law of effect” states: Question 15 options: 1) Behaviors that lead to positive states will not occur in an artificial cage environment. 2) Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated. 3) Any behavior that leads to a negative state is likely to be repeated. 4) The effect of a behavior has little or no relationship to the behavior itself. Question 16 (1 point) Saved When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to: Question 16 options: 1) say the same things but do the opposite of what the adults did 2) say the same things and do what they observed the adults did 3) neither say nor do what they heard or observed the adults did 4) behave with no predictability as to what they say or do Question 17 (1 point) Saved The encoding specificity principle is a hypothesis that states: Question 17 options:

1) a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram/memory trace. 2) a retrieval cue will NOT be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the engram/memory trace. 3) a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue is distinct or does not match information in the engram/memory trace. 4) a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information retrieved from the cue is distinct or does not match information in memory. Question 18 (1 point) Saved Imagine that you are trying to teach your friend a new language. In order to make sure they are learning the vocabulary, you have them write down, from memory, every word they can think of that has to do with clothes (i.e., you have them write down words like dress, pants, shoes, shorts, t-shirt, etc.). This type of memory performance is referred to as: Question 18 options: 1) cue overload 2) production test 3) recall test 4) mnemonic performance Question 19 (1 point) Saved Autobiographical memory forms the core of an individual’s: Question 19 options: 1) personal identity 2) personality

3) coping style 4) intelligence Question 20 (1 point) Saved In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told participants that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and getting angry. This is an example of: Question 20 options: 1) misinformation effect 2) cue overload 3) source Amnesia 4) misattribution effect Question 21 (1 point) Saved Levi met a cute girl on the street. The girl gave Levi her number and Levi is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down when he finds a paper and pencil. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl’s phone number? Question 21 options:

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1) semantic memory 2) working memory 3) episodic memory 4) collective memory Question 22 (1 point) Saved Episodic memory is the memory system that holds what kind of information? Question 22 options: 1) autobiographical knowledge 2) generalized knowledge 3) knowledge required for reading 4) knowledge necessary for abstract problem solving Question 23 (1 point) Saved The act of retrieval can have both positive and negative outcomes. On one hand, it improves the information just retrieved and increases the likelihood it will be retrieved again, a phenomenon called the _______________. On the other hand, it harms related information causing a person to forget such related information, a phenomenon called _____________. Question 23 options: 1) retrieval-induced forgetting; retrieval practice effect 2) addition effect; subtraction principle

3) retrieval practice effect; retrieval-induced forgetting 4) subtraction principle; addition effect Question 24 (1 point) Saved If old experiences disrupt recall of new experiences, this is referred to as: Question 24 options: 1) proactive interference. 2) retrieval failure. 3) retroactive interference. 4) encoding failure. Question 25 (1 point) Saved Our experiences that directly impact our brain though neural processes are referred to as: Question 25 options: 1) cue overload 2) memory traces/engrams 3) retrieval cues 4) mnemonic devices

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