PSY 375 Project One Milestone

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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Dec 6, 2023

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PSY 375 Project One Milestone Template Select a specialty and target population for your clinic from the Project One Milestone Options document, linked in the Prompt section of this assignment in your course. Next, using the Shapiro Library or other sources, identify a primary source to support your brochure. This source should be a primary research report containing an introduction, a description of methods and participants, a result section, and a discussion and conclusion. It should not be a review article, a meta-analysis, or a letter to an editor. You must address each of the rubric criteria listed below in about 750 to 1,000 words total. Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information.  Select your clinic’s specialty from the options provided and explain why you selected that option. For my clinic, I have chosen the specialty of Attention Memory. I chose attention memory because of the article on Attention Training and PTSD Symptoms. This topic hits home as I have family members that deal with PTSD from serving in the military. I have seen the toll that PTSD can take on someone and how aggressive the different effects it can take as well. I also wanted to learn more about PTSD for myself as a better way to serve patients in the hospital.  Select a target population for your clinic from the options provided and explain why you selected that option. The target population that I want to work with in my clinic is veterans. I have many family members and even friends that are or have been in the military. This population stands out to me also because I have seen patients come into the hospital, and there are not very many people that are able to connect with them. It isn’t just PTSD that they suffer from, but other mental and physical harm that they have endured, which have caused a varied amount of disabilities.  Create an annotated bibliography entry for the primary source provided . Sources should be described in your own words for a general audience. Your entry should include a summary of the following: o The problem addressed o The methodology, measurements, and sample o The findings o Conclusions and limitations of the research design Badura-Brack, A. S., Naim, R., Ryan, T. J., Levy, O., Abend, R., Khanna, M. M., McDermott, T. J., Pine, D. S., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2015). Effect of attention training on attention bias variability and PTSD symptoms: Randomized controlled trials in Israeli and U.S. Combat Veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry , 172 (12), 1233–1241. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14121578

I selected the article Effect of Attention Training on Attention Bias Variability and PTSD Symptoms: Randomized Controlled Trials in Israeli and U.S. Combat Veterans, as my primary source because it addresses patients with PTSD who suffer from threat avoidance and threat vigilance. The researchers wanted to test some computerized protocols, attention control training, and attention bias modification, looking for threat attendance patterns and reducing PTSD symptoms. The researchers used two randomized controlled trials to compare the efficacy of attention control training for PTSD and attention bias modification. One was in U.S. military veterans, and one was in Israel Defense Forces. The measurements that were used in the study were that of the dot-probe task. The hope was that attention control training balancing attention allocation between threat and neutral stimuli, and with attention bias modification designed to shift attention away from threats. The sample for the U.S. military veterans were males that had served in the recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. These veterans were either recruited through social media, television commercials, and/or flyers. They were all screened for PTSD symptoms over the telephone using the PTSD Checklist-Military Version. The participants needed to have served in a war zone as part of the U.S. military any time since March 2003. The sample for the Israel Defense Forces were also males that were combat veterans who were seeking treatment for PTSD. Those that were included were then assessed with the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. The candidates were admitted if they had been taking a stable dose of medication for at least one year. If their medication changed at all during the study then they were removed from the study. Despite the studies being done in two different countries, the United States and Israel, with varying requirements of treatment and with different stimuli sets, the results of the studies were similar. Both trials supported attention control training over attention bias modification as being the most efficient training protocol for reducing PTSD symptoms. In the current study, the findings differ from findings done in other studies of attention bias modification for non-PTSD anxiety disorders. When it comes to attention bias modification it has a better effect on the symptoms of anxiety disorders than attention control training when they are not related to PTSD. The dropout rates in PTSD treatment research were the limitations in this study. When it comes to future attention training studies, they need to find more ways to reduce the dropout rate.  Create an annotated bibliography entry for the primary source of your choice . Sources should be described in your own words for a general audience. Your entry should include a summary of the following: o The problem addressed o The methodology, measurements, and sample o The findings o Conclusions and limitations of the research design

Neylan, T. C., Lenoci, M., Rothlind, J., Metzler, T. J., Schuff, N., Du, A.-T., Franklin, K. W., Weiss, D. S., Weiner, M. W., & Marmar, C. R. (2004). Attention, learning, and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 17 (1), 41–46. https://doi- org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014675.75686.ee The second article that I chose is Attention, Learning, and Memory in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. With this particular article, I feel that it is a good choice as it will add more about how the participants who suffer from PTSD and how it is connected to memory problems. This study covers the comparison of both declarative and attention memories in combat veterans who suffer from PTSD. The study reported that the hippocampal neuronal marker N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) is reduced in the hippocampus of PTSD patients in the absence of hippocampal volume loss. NAA is the second most abundant molecule in the brain. The study showed that the reduction of NAA was consistent with the finding of hippocampus damage. This would suggest that NAA may be a more sensitive measure of the integrity of the hippocampus area of the brain. The sample of participants were Vietnam Combat Veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. They were recruited from the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and from the surrounding communities. The researchers used the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Diagnosis to rule out current psychiatric disorders besides PTSD and also a history of present alcohol or substance abuse or significant depression in the past three months prior to the study being conducted. If a participant had a history of head trauma, neurological disorder, or an illness that affected their brain function were excluded from the trial. Two comparison groups were used; the first group consisted of twenty-four medically healthy Vietnam veterans with a mean age of 51. The second group consisted of twenty-three normal participants who did not suffer from PTSD, and whose mean age was 52.4. The education level for the veteran participants was a mean of 15.1, and the education level for the normal participants was a mean of 16.4, which the researchers were not sure if this would play a role in their findings. The researchers used a variety of measures to test different functions of the brain during the course of the study. The California Learning Verbal Test was used as a way to assess a variety of verbal learning and recall functions. Some subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale were used to measure auditory and visual attention, working memory, and visual memory. The Benton Visual Form Discrimination was used to assess immediate visual memory and the capacity for complex visual form discrimination. They also had all the participants have MRIs, and MRSIs performed as well. The testing took around two hours, and included a neuropsychological exam, a neuroimaging exam, a breathalyzer, and a urine sample. The researchers used a two-tailed t-test for the cognitive difference between the two groups. The results of the study showed that there was not any difference between the cognitive measures of the regular (normal) participants and those participants with PTSD.

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There was one exception to this; that was where the results showed that the PTSD participants had less recall ability than the regular participants. The PTSD participants were able to do better on the visual recall testing than the regular participants. The other thing was that the study also found that there is no correlation between hippocampal volume and the measure of declarative memory. A limitation of the research was that the study was not appropriately set up to detect small effect sizes in cognitive performance. Because the researchers decided to exclude possible participants with known depression disorders, the study was biased. This is because they likely only had participants that had milder cases of PTSD. Also, there is a possibility that the NAA measures are not sensitive to recognize subtle changes in the brain function. The conclusion of the studies showed that there is no real discernible difference between the two groups of participants when it comes to the task of attention, learning, and memory. The researchers will need to proceed with more studies in the future and examine the neurocognitive correlations to the brain function.  Compare and contrast the cognitive interventions presented in your articles (at least one intervention per article) and explain why you think they would be effective. Include the following in your comparison: o The respective strengths of each intervention o How the articles address your target population. If they do not, what would need to be modified in the intervention? The target population for each of the interventions were veterans. The respective strength of the cognitive intervention for the first article was the Attention Training for PTSD. The attention training addresses aberrant fluctuations in attention allocation in PTSD. This will reduce some of the PTSD symptoms and help those gain more control over their life. The respective strength of the cognitive intervention for the second article was the Benton Visual Form Discrimination. This was the only test from the second article that had any relevant results. With the second article the portion that the researchers need to modify is the measures used and as stated they will be modifying this in the future. References Badura-Brack, A. S., Naim, R., Ryan, T. J., Levy, O., Abend, R., Khanna, M. M., McDermott, T. J., Pine, D. S., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2015). Effect of attention training on attention bias variability and PTSD symptoms: Randomized controlled trials in Israeli and U.S. Combat Veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry , 172 (12), 1233–1241. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14121578 Neylan, T. C., Lenoci, M., Rothlind, J., Metzler, T. J., Schuff, N., Du, A.-T., Franklin, K. W., Weiss, D. S., Weiner, M. W., & Marmar, C. R. (2004). Attention, learning, and memory in

posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress , 17 (1), 41–46. https://doi- org.ezproxy.snhu.edu/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000014675.75686.ee

PSY 375 Project One Milestone

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