PSY 215 Module Five Milestone

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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215

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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PSY 215 Module Five Milestone Complete this template by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information. For this milestone, you will use the Four D’s diagnostic indicators to analyze one behavior that might impair a person’s adaptive daily functioning. You will determine if that behavior could potentially represent a clinical disorder. Use your template to address the rubric criteria listed below with a minimum of 3 to 5 sentences per bullet. Support your answers with a credible source when necessary. From the list in the Module Five Milestone Guidelines and Rubric, select one behavior that might impair a person’s adaptive daily functioning, then address the following: Schizophrenia  Distress: Describe the extent to which the selected behavior causes distress as characterized by mental or emotional imbalance. The extent to which schizophrenia causes distress is characterized by an array of diverse symptoms, including extreme oddities in perception, thinking, actions, sense of self, a significant loss of contact with reality, and a manner of relating to others (Hooley, et al., 2019). All these symptoms have an obvious correlation with a mental and emotional imbalance. For example, someone with schizophrenia may hallucinate which includes hearing, smelling, seeing, touching, or feeling things that are not there (World Health Organization, 2022). This would cause a great deal of distress. Schizophrenia is frequently associated with significant distress and impairment in personal, family, social, educational, occupational, and other important areas of life (World Health Organization, 2022). Dysfunction: Describe the extent to which the selected behavior causes dysfunction by interfering with adaptive daily functioning. Schizophrenia causes dysfunction as it interferes with all aspects of one's life. Someone diagnosed with the disorder will not be able to distinguish between what's real and what’s not. The individual may experience psychosis, paranoia, delusions, disorganized thinking, and speech, and disorganized or abnormal motor behavior all of which would interfere with adaptive daily functioning in both personal and professional settings. Dysfunctions in working memory, attention, processing speed, and visual and verbal learning with substantial deficits in reasoning, planning, abstract thinking, and problem-solving have been extensively documented in schizophrenia (Tripathi et al., 2018). According to some estimates, almost 98% of patients suffering from schizophrenia have such impairments and they fall short of their predicted cognitive function, based on pre-morbid intelligence (Tripathi et al., 2018). Also, the neurocognitive impairment of profile patients of schizophrenia depicts underlying disruption of cortico-cerebellar-thalamic-cortical circuits (Tripathi et al., 2018). 1

Danger: Describe the extent to which the selected behavior presents as a danger to self or others. Schizophrenia presents a danger to self or others when the individual starts to believe someone is trying to harm them becoming violent or being around someone who is unaware that said individual has the disorder. Since schizophrenia has symptoms characterized by psychosis, hallucinations, and delusions, the individual could be experiencing a psychotic episode in a public setting where they do not understand what’s going on, they start to hear voices, and believe they are being harmed. This individual could then hurt or kill someone as a result. On the other hand, if said Individual is around someone unaware of the disorder while said individual is having a psychotic episode, that person in an attempt to defend themselves could hurt or kill the individual with the disorder. Also, schizophrenia presents a danger to self or others when the individual starts to self-medicate on drugs and/or alcohol. Engaging in such activities can and will make the symptoms of the disorder worsen.  Deviance: Describe the extent to which the selected behavior deviates from normality. The overall criteria for schizophrenia deviates from normality. The DSM-5 criteria for schizophrenia consist of having two or more of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, or diminished emotional expression or avolition for a significant portion of time during a one-month period (Hooley, et al., 2019). For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, the level of functioning in one or more major areas such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care is marked below the level achieved prior to the onset (Hooley, et al., 2019). References: American Psychiatric Association. (2020, August). What is schizophrenia? American Psychiatric Association. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/schizophrenia/what-is-schizophrenia Tripathi, A., Kar, S. K., & Shukla, R. (2018). Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia: Understanding the Biological Correlates and Remediation Strategies. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience , 16 (1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2018.16.1.7 World Health Organization. (2022, January 10). Schizophrenia . Who.int; World Health Organization: WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia Hooley, J. M., Nock, M. K., & Butcher, J. N. (2019). Abnormal Psychology (18th ed.). Pearson Education (US). https://mbsdirect.vitalsource.com/books/9780135191033 Davis, T. O. (2009). Conceptualizing Psychiatric Disorders Using “Four D’s” of Diagnoses. The Internet Journal of Psychiatry , 1 (1). https://ispub.com/IJPSY/1/1/5049#:~:text=The%20%E2%80%9CFour %20D%27s%E2%80%9D%20consisting%20of 2

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