Pratice Quiz

v/ Correct 1. The Bandura experiments: Further supported the previous results from the Behaviourist perspective of learning through reinforcement. Showed that children spontaneously learnt to act aggressively. Showed that only children who had seen the model act aggressively acted in a similar manner. Feedback: Correct! The studies called into question previous thoughts about reinforcement learning and showed that only those children who witnessed violent acts performed similar acts later. Supported the notion that reinforcement through passive viewing of a model performing certain behaviours will increase those behaviours in children. +/ Correct 1. Which of the following options best describes social facilitation? Social Facilitation can lead to better performance on a given task if the audience is vested in the outcome. Social Facilitation can lead to poorer performance on a given task if the audience is vested in the outcome. Social Facilitation can lead to better performance on a given task regardless of the interests of the audience. Feedback: Correct! Social Facilitation refers to an increase in performance and does not say anything about the inter- ests of the audience, only that there is one. Social Facilitation can lead to poorer performance on a given task regardless of the interests of the audience.

v/ Correct 1. You and two of your friends are all attempting to determine the number of jelly-beans in a jar. After you make a guess you are allowed to change it once after you hear what everyone else says. In this case, which of the following would be an example of norm formation? If all three of your answers moved further apart. If all three of your answers merges closer together after each one of you gives a guess. Feedback:Correct! Norm formation occurs when a certain behaviour becomes typical amongst a group. All of your answers converge toward a normal distribution of guesses. +/ Correct 1. Which of the following is true regarding the informational function? It allows us to compare our ideas against information and perceptions from others around us. Feedback: Correct! The informational function often involves a person comparing their ideas to those around them in times of uncertainty. It allows us to avoid rejection and ostracism from peers. An example of the informational function is agreeing with friends that sushi is gross despite actually kind of liking it.

v Correct 1. The best course of action when you seriously hurt yourself in a large group of people is to: Yelp in pain to try and elicit a sympathetic response in a nearby person. Single someone out to come and help you in order to overcome diffusion of responsibility. Feedback: Correct! This would help overcome diffusion of responsibility, whereby people assume that others are more qualified to help. Yell "this is an emergency" to help overcome social loafing. Single someone out to come and help you in order to overcome collective ignorance. +/ Correct 1. Compared to individuals working alone, individuals who are working in a group toward a common goal will perform: At a higher level. At a lower level. v Feedback: Correct! It has been shown that individuals tend to be less motivated when working within a group toward a common goal than when working alone. At the same level.

v/ Correct 1. Which of the following options best describe social loafing? Thomas agrees with his friends that pineapple belongs on pizza even though he doesn't think so. When participating in a group-relay race, Gertrude decides to run at a slower pace than usual. Feedback: Correct! Social loafing is the act of exerting less effort when working in a group than when working individ- ually. Gertrude doesn't try to run as fast as she can because she believes her group will make up for her effort. Karen performs better at figure-skating when there is an audience. Avril calls us to a specific person for help when he got a flat tire. v/ Correct 1. Pharrell participates in a charity hiking trip to Mount MacIntropsych. In his team, Pharrell is grouped with two veteran hikers, a hiking-enthusiast paramedic, and two young couples looking to make hiking a hobby. All of a sudden, Pharrell hears one of the couples scream for somebody to help. Which of the following options is most likely to occur? Pharrell will ask the hiking-enthusiast paramedic to check out the situation. Pharrell will ask one of the veteran hikers to check out the situation. Pharrell will not react to the call for help. v Feedback: Correct! According to the diffusion of responsibility effect, if there are many others around you, particularly anyone with special skills, you are less likely to act. Pharrell is in a group setting and knows that there are more qualified people to help; therefore, it is likely that Pharrell will not respond to the call for help. Pharrell will rush in to help the couple screaming for help.

v/ Correct 1. Studies on cognitive dissonance and attitude change have shown that: If you pay someone enough money, they will lie about anything. Compared to those paid $20, the participants paid $1 in the Festinger and Carlsmith study had an easier time telling the next participant how fun the experiment was. Compared to those paid $1, the participants paid $20 in the Festinger and Carlsmith study had an easier time telling the next participant how fun the experiment was. Feedback: Correct! These are the results of the Festinger and Carlsmith study. Participants paid $20 were able to justify the inconsistency between their actions and beliefs because of the monetary motivation, i.e. they believed the experiment was boring but said it was fun to get paid $20. Compared to those paid $1, the participants paid $20 in the Festinger and Carlsmith study had no more of an easier time telling the next participant how fun the experiment was. v/ Correct 1. Studies on cognitive dissonance and attitude change have shown that: An inconsistency between attitudes and beliefs is what causes cognitive dissonance. An inconsistency between attitudes and behaviour is what causes cognitive dissonance. Feedback:Correct! This is the cause of cognitive dissonance. If you provide sufficient justification for the behaviour, attitude change will take place. Providing sufficient justification will make cognitive dissonance worse.

v Correct 1. Tina eats out at fast food restaurants 4 days a week. She has recently joined a health club and decided to cut down on fatty foods. However, she hasn't been able to stop eating fast food out of habit. Which of the following is true of this situation? Tina's behaviour, eating healthily, and her attitude, loving fast food, are in conflict and creating cognitive dissonance. Tina's dissonance could be reduced if she told herself that she is too busy right now to eat healthily and will start over the summer. Feedback:Correct! This would be adequate justification for her behaviour and would ease dissonance. An inconsistency between two attitudes, that she wants to eat healthy but loves fast food, are the cause of dissonance for Tina. v/ Correct 1. The Zimbardo study was cancelled after only 6 days because: It was later discovered that some of the guards had very sadistic tendencies and had lied on the pre-screen- ing measures People who were part of the prisoners group were having issues with cognitive dissonance and therefore could not participate further in the study Prisoners were feeling anxious, angry and depressed v Feedback: Correct! The study was cancelled less than a quarter of the way through the projected timeline due to the reactions by all the prisoners All guards failed to show up for shifts and did not care to control the mock jail facility

v/ Correct 1. Which of the following represents a strong finding of Migram's experiment? People can accurately predict their behaviour in future scenarios People are unlikely to obey figures of authority People are willing to commit heinous acts if it is part of an experiment People are terrible judges at predicting their behaviour Feedback: Correct! The Milgram experiment showed that around 65% were incorrect in assessing whether they would obey the experimenter to administer the shocks. This demonstrates that people are terrible judges at pre- dicting their own behaviour.Message for respondents who select this answer Vv Correct 1. Gertrude is deciding which university to go to for her undergraduate degree. She really wants to study Neuroscience at McMaster University but has a little bit of doubt about whether the program is right for her. Her friend, Sally, already decided on going to McMaster University for the Neuroscience program and decides to convince Gertrude to also attend. Gertrude finally agrees and submits her application. Which of the following responses best explains how Gertrude was persuaded to submit her application? Sally is similar to Gertrude and offered a one-sided argument v Feedback: Correct. When the subject matter involves lifestyle choices (choosing university programs), a communicator like Sally who is similar to Gertrude would be more persuasive. Since Gertrude initially did want to attend McMaster university for the Neuroscience program, Sally should take a one-sided approach to be more effective. Sally is a credible source and offered a one-sided argument Sally is similar to Gertrude and offered a two-sided argument Sally is a credible source and offered a two-sided argument