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Dec 6, 2023

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PARENT TEACHERS ASSOCIATION 20XX Infancy (ages 0-2 years old) Savannah Nichols | 08/27/2023 | PSY-102 General Psychology Physical Development Physical milestones are typically referred to as the ages in which most children are able to accomplish something at. For example, right around a child’s first birthday, it is common to get questioned on if the child has started walking yet (CDC, 2021). Or about the six-month period, people often ask if the child can sit up on their own yet. After the first year come the more complicated learning hurdles like talking and being able to successfully assist in age- appropriate tasks, such as wiping their own face or putting their own arms through their shirt. The goal is to teach independence, so an adult’s assistance is required less and less. Cognitive Development Cognitive development is the growth of intellectual and mental abilities like talking, thinking, understanding and reasoning (CDE, 2022) . Since the brain of a child under the age of two is still developing at a rapid pace, cognitive development is being challenged all the time. Imitation is a large portion of how children learn and exhibit behavior. This is why children are also referred to as sponged because they soak up everything they see and hear. During cognitive development, children learn to ask questions and try to problem solve or figure things out. Their entire world consists of wondering what everything is for a long while until the cognitive development is complete but during the age range of zero to two, it will not be anywhere near complete yet.

Socioemotional Development Socioemotional development is the brain learning emotions and social cues and how they correlate. Children under three months slowly learn how to self sooth but still need smooth transitions. An infant by the age of two months can use and understand facial expressions accurately (Malik & Marwaha, 2022). Children by four months of age are able to signal specific cues like if they are happy to be picked up or if they wanted to keep playing. Recognition of a caregiver by eyesight is possible at five months of age. By 6 to twelve months, stranger danger is implemented due to the child understanding of familiar and unfamiliar faces. This is just the first twelve months, so much more happens in addition. Factors that Impact Development Children develop differently based on several different variables. Things like whether the mother took care of herself and the fetus in her womb or a wider variety of things that can happen outside of the womb, Environment is a huge role that plays into weather a child can successfully develop healthily. Nurturing a child’s brain can create a well- rounded and secure child, keeping them safe while giving them the opportunity to learn, play and explore (CDC, 2023). Limiting exposure to stress and trauma is important too as the long-term effects it has on a child’s brain are quite negative. Providing an emotionally as well as physically safe home environment can create thriving kids. Brain growth can be encouraged by exposure to reading to, speaking to, playing with and caring for the children. Developmental Theories There were several ideas and theories that were surrounding the aspects of brain development. Erikson and Piaget were some of the psychologists that played into the theories and had their own as well. The two psychologist’s theories were closely related and seemed like they could align but they are slightly different. They both agreed on the psychosocial development being stage based, saying that there is correlation between children and adult thought processes and the stages level up as the child matures. The difference is that Erikson focused on a broader spectrum of emotional and social development while incorporating the understanding of children’s evolving capabilities. Piaget stuck mostly with cognitive development. For the infancy age group, Piaget named the stage sensorimotor for the zero to two age range. References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, November 29). Infants (0-1 years) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/positiveparenting/infants.html CDE. (n.d.). Cognitive development domain . Cognitive Development Domain - Child Development (CA Dept of Education). https://www.cde.ca.gov/SP/CD/RE/itf09cogdev.asp Malik, F., & Marwaha, R. (2022). Developmental stages of social emotional development in children . National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534819/ CDC. (2023, February 24). Early Brain Development and Health . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/childdevelopment/early-brain-development.html GRISON, S. (2023). Psychology in your life . W W NORTON.

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