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1 HOW CAN POVERTY AFFECT CHILDREN MENTAL HEALTH? How Can Poverty Affect Children Mental Health? Brianna Wilneshia Watson Middle Georgia State University ONLINE Senior Capstone PSYC 4100 Session ll Dr. Elizabeth Walker May 2, 2023 I stopped providing specific feedback when I read on and never found where you introduced your hypothesis or purpose of writing the literature review. I also noted that you did not summarize any studies. This was written as an essay with some reference citations. However, you are attempting to persuade a reader. That is NOT what a literature review is. A literature review states a hypothesis or research question and then summarizes studies pertaining to that question; it uses the culmination of results from those studies reviewed and addresses the hypothesis. You did not do any of this. You also did not properly cite many of the statements made. You must credit the original authors of these ideas, as well as substantiate the statements made – sort of provide expert or scientific proof of their accuracy. To not do so is called plagiarism and is quite serious. I do not think you intentionally plagiarize; I believe that you may not fully comprehend the purpose of, and perhaps, methods of scientific writing, research purposes, and APA format. * This particular paper would ordinarily receive a 0 score; however, I looked back over the rough draft submissions and realized that I did not provide

2 HOW CAN POVERTY AFFECT CHILDREN MENTAL HEALTH? feedback for your last submission. I mistakenly thought I had, but I did not – I apologize for that. I would have noted many of these errors in the feedback for the last submission of your rough draft. Even though I did provide feedback for one submission, it was not for this one. Therefore, I will take that into consideration. Poverty has been an ongoing issue for decades because of its impact on society, especially children. Poverty not only affects a child’s mental health, but it stems from social and economic issues. Mental health can start in childhood and go into adulthood. When children are raised in poverty it can lead to anxiety and depression. Children in poverty vs children not affected by poverty pexperience higher levels of behavior problems (Mcleod & Shanahan, 1993 ). Poverty stems from a lack of nutrition and stability. Poverty is very important in America because it is associated with health risks. As the years pass by the number of families associated with poverty increases. There are many policies and programs for families to get their basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter (Edelman, 2014). These programs are to lower the impact of mental health disorders and poverty . There are many children of different races, and all have childhood poverty. Some rac ial and ethnic groups are more affected impacted by poverty more than others ; The Blacks a larger

3 HOW CAN POVERTY AFFECT CHILDREN MENTAL HEALTH? percentage of African Americans and Hispanic Americans races are poorer experience than whites and poverty, as well as lack resources to reach out to (Mcleod & Shanahan, 1993 ). There are few improvements in economics for blacks and Hispanics. This means they will have more than normal teen pregnancy and high school dropouts (Mcleod & Shanahan, 1993). Adults with major depressive disorders are more than likely to get a high school diploma (Heflin & Iceland, 2009). Children who lack education and experience teen pregnancy can increase their chances of poverty as adults. Poverty affects children's mental health by decreasing their chances of social relationships with others. Mental health is very important today because it is taken lightly. Most families experience disorders every day in their household. When families have lost jobs and lost benefits this can lead to depression. In some cases, this can be temporary for a short period (Heflin & Iceland, 2009). To determine poverty the United States looks at thresholds such as goods and services. The thresholds are also looked at by family size and the age of the members of the household. A family's resources use gross annual cash income from earnings, cash welfare, and other incomes. Families are considered poor when their income falls below the poverty threshold (Heflin & Iceland, 2009). There are many resources for families in need to prevent children's anxiety and depression. Families with low income and below the poverty line are eligible for assistance. The assistance they can receive is food stamps, WIC vouchers, TNAF, Medicaid, Child Tax Credit, Section 8, and some get Social Security. These resources are to meet the needs of housing, medical and financial support (Edelman, 2014). Food stamps are under a program called SNAP and it is for mothers and children. SNAP comes in money form for items that are not considered food items. Many houses and apartments in different countries in the United States accept

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4 HOW CAN POVERTY AFFECT CHILDREN MENTAL HEALTH? Section 8 for assistance with rent or mortgage payments. Medicaid, SNAP, and TNAF benefit is to decrease infant death and malnutrition (Edelman, 2014). Many factors play a role in poverty for families with children. There are many single mothers with low-wage jobs and a lack of support. Children in a two-parent household benefit more compared to a single-parent household this can make a difference whether a family is in poverty or not (Edelman, 2014). Education is very important because most jobs require postsecondary education not just a high school diploma. Most families in poverty do not have the education that is needed for better-paying jobs. Some jobs do not require education, but very few can benefit a family to not be in poverty (Edelman, 2014). Mental health affects children in their grades and behavior, and as adults, they will learn to cope with the disorder (Cuellar, 2015). In school, children will have a hard time learning and lack interest and motivation in their schoolwork. Children's environment is very important so they can a chance at a successful life. Mental health should be prevented and treated early as possible if it is a possibility. The earlier the child is diagnosed, and the treatments start the chances are higher for the child to be successful. Every child deserves a chance at life, so mental health should not be ignored. Treatment can come in various ways such as doctor's appointments, therapy, or even at school (Cuellar, 2015). Treatment therapy can consist of one on one, with the parents involved, or the counselor at school. Poverty can lead to parents not being supportive and unable to build bonds with their children. it is difficult for parents to build bonding with children and be associated with poverty. Poverty can cause worry, fear, and stress for parents with children. When children know they

5 HOW CAN POVERTY AFFECT CHILDREN MENTAL HEALTH? have a support system they become less impulsive and more vulnerable. Mental health disorder prevents proper brain development in children. This can cause them to take a risk, try substances, and have gang relations and this can lead to prison (Cuellar, 2015). Poverty impacts many aspects of life for children and adults. Mental health such as anxiety and depression are two of the common mental health disorders. Over the last few years, 1 out of 5 American children have been associated with families whose income failed, and 1 out of 5 associated with families whose income was no more than the poverty threshold (Brook-Gunn & Duncan, 1997). There are many studies showings that children with mental health have negative consequences (Cuellar, 2015). Children with disorders are seen mostly during school by teachers and counselors. Children age 9-13 years old are seen for mental health problems in the school system not usually diagnosed by their physicians (Cuellar, 2015). Depression is overlooked in children compared to adults. Families being able to support one another, stay together to have a two-parent household, support their children, building bonds will help prevent poverty and mental health disorders. Children need both parents, and they always need guidance. Guidance will prevent crimes and prison being the outcome. Poverty is an easy ticket to juvenile systems, jail, and prison. Substance abuse is on the rise in the teen population. Smoking has decreased but marijuana has increased in the years between 2002- 2013 (Cuellar, 2015). Drug abuse can lead to a lack of brain function and put brain development at a slow speed. With slow brain function, can interfere with grades and schoolwork. Poverty can be prevented and mental health for children too. If parents enforce education for schooling and education them on the outcome of poverty this is a way to decrease poverty.

6 HOW CAN POVERTY AFFECT CHILDREN MENTAL HEALTH? In the United States depression and anxiety are at a high rate. Poverty is not always the outcome of depression and anxiety, but it can affect children raised in poverty. Therefore, the finding has shown children who live in poverty develop anxiety or depression, and other mental disorders are found too. Anxiety and depression are two major causes of death and can sometimes result in suicide. Teaching children ways to cope with their issues, helping them with treatment, and being supportive parents can help guide them through poverty. All children in poverty are not a failure in life, so face all challenges and make it out and make a difference. Not all children have poor adult outcomes for their future (Ratcliffe, 2015). Making a difference in poverty for children and how long they live in poverty makes a difference in how it affects their adulthoods (Ratcliffe, 2015). Parents building bonds, explaining how important education is, and allowing their children to be successful is a way to decrease poverty. Children do not have to be an example of their environment. Reference Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. J. (1997). The effects of poverty on children. The Future of Children, 7(2), 55-71. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602387 Cuellar, A. (2015). Preventing and treating child mental health problems. The Future of Children, 25(1), 111-134. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43267765

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7 HOW CAN POVERTY AFFECT CHILDREN MENTAL HEALTH? Edelman, P. (2014). Why is it so hard to end poverty in america. Human Rights, 40(3), 2-5. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26408463 Heflin, C. M., & Iceland, J. (December, 2009). Poverty, material hardship, and depression. Social Science Quarterly, 90(5), 1051-1071. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42940620 Mcleod, J. D., & Shanahan, M. J. (June, 1993). Poverty, parenting, and children's mental health. American Sociology Review, 58(3), 351-366. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095905 Ratcliffe, C. (September, 2015). Child poverty and adult success. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/65766/2000369-Child-Poverty- and-Adult-Success.pdf

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