child development written assignment

pdf

School

York University *

*We aren’t endorsed by this school

Course

3300

Subject

Psychology

Date

Dec 6, 2023

Type

pdf

Pages

Uploaded by CoachResolve12853

Sandhu 1 Written Assignment Sehjot Sandhu University of Windsor PSYC 2230: Developmental Psychology: The Child Phillip Ricciardi June 17th 2022

Sandhu 2 6. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of assisted reproduction methods such as in vitro fertilization, surrogate parenting, and egg donation. Are these techniques changing our definition of ‘parenting’ and ‘environment’. Answer: Theoretically, a child can have up to five individuals with the status of a parent, a surrogate, the two biological donors, and the individuals that will raise the child. While the surrogate and gamete donors, biologically have rights over the child, the environment and people who raise the child also have the same responsibility if not more. Assisted reproduction methods such as vitro fertilization, surrogate parenting, and egg donation are techniques that aid in the initiation and development of the. Allowing for even those that have trouble conceiving or cannot conceive (older women, those with blocked fallopian tubes, male infertility, etc.). These techniques remove the need for heterosexual intercourse, dismissing the concern of STIs. Vitro Fertilization or IVF offers its own benefits through the lower risk of miscarriage and higher chances of conception as many eggs are harvested for the procedure. While IVF uses gametes from the biological parents, donors offer the possibility of healthier genetics for parents with genetic problems such as autosomal dominant Huntington's disease. Surrogate mothers gestate the fertilized egg as a substitute for mothers that cannot. Whilst offering to take on the hardships of carrying the pregnancy to term for biological mothers that do not wish to go through the process, either in fear of the process or the effect pregnancy will have on their career, personal life, etc. While these techniques do allow for easier conception and alternatives for infertility there is no guaranteed success. Fertilized eggs can fail to implant within the uterus wall in Vitro Fertilization, and it is an expensive process. Within donors, there can be underlying genetic issues or failure to fertilize. 8. Review the four principles of how teratogens affect development that were discussed earlier in chapter 4. Explain how these principles are related to the principles of reaction range and gene-environment reactions. Answer: Teratogens affect prenatal development to different degrees depending on developmental stage, genetic susceptibility, mechanism of the teratogen, and dose/amount of exposure to teratogens. Different teratogens result in different deficits within the newborn, diseases like AIDS can result in neurological disorders while smoking can cause sudden infant deaths syndrome. Smoking before pregnancy can cause ectopic pregnancy or even infertility. The reaction range determines the boundaries set by an individual's genotype on what they can tolerate within their environment. Further influencing the environment which in turn influences the expression of our genes, the phenotype. Reaction range would determine to what extent the teratogen will affect prenatal development while gene-environment reaction determines the phenotypic outcome of exposure to teratogens. The phenotypic outcome determines whether exposure to teratogens was partial or complete penetration.. The degree of penetration, an environmental factor, can be attributed to the reaction range of the genotype.

Sandhu 3 11. How does an infant’s or child’s temperament (module 7.4) affect the development of attachments (module 7.2) and the development of social behavior? Give several examples of your own to demonstrate the interactions between the various factors discussed in chapter 7 and beyond. Answer: An infant's temperament is attributed to its style of behavior and persistent mood affected by the infant's emotionality, activity, and sociability. While the parent's involvement and caregiving can affect the infant's attachment style, the infant’s temperament, in turn, influences the parent’s willingness to participate in the infant's life. Thus affecting the quality of attachment between parent and infant. Quality of care does not disrupt the natural course of attachment but the quality of parenting affects the potential attachment style. Infants that are emotionally reactive often do not respond well to physical play, which can lead to fussiness and misinterpretation on the parent's end. Infants with difficult temperaments often fuss and are hard to console coupled with rigid mothers that fail to adjust to the demands of their babies. Showing annoyance, and misinterpreting the infant's demands results in infants that are more likely to develop insecure attachment styles. Such privation results in infants being conditioned to be less trusting due to their view of relationships as frustrating and inconsistent. Consistency and predictable care from parents instill trust within infants, an indication of secure attachment. Secure attachment promotes trust resulting in self-assured social interactions. Attachment quality affects brain development, social behavior, and basic neural systems. Through privation/inconsistent care the lack of secure attachment attributes to lower emotional health, dissatisfaction, cognitive deficits, and disordered attachment behaviors. The impact of residential schools as an early institutional privation after being stripped from their parents had their attachment disrupted. Affects their internal working models, in turn leading to an intergenerational effect. Their own children suffer due to their attachment and parenting deficiencies. Residential schools within Canada have left a legacy of trauma and psychosocial effects upon indigenous families that suffer to this day. 16. Consider the parenting style in your culture group. How would you characterize it, using the classification in Module 10.2? What was the primary cultural influence on your parents’ style when you were growing up: that of mainstream society (the macroculture) or that of a specific cultural group. Do you know that your parenting style will differ from that of your parents? Answer: There are four parenting styles that are weighed within the two dimensions of warmth and control: authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent-permissive, and indifferent-involvement

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Sandhu 4 parenting. Culture affects the amount of control and warmth displayed in parenting. As a south Asian, my culture and family support collectivism and follow the principle of parents dictating their children's lives and always being right. Their parenting can be described as authoritarian parenting, with high levels of control and lack of emotional intimacy, with almost feeling entitled to obedience from their children. They do not value what their children want, and rather push their own agenda onto their children so they themselves feel better. The primary cultural influence on my parents was that of a specific cultural group. Both of my parents lived in villages in tight-knit communities where collectivism bloomed along with the ideology that parents are entitled to their children and their children owe them. Physical punishment within their culture is often the norm in disciplining children. Also as farmers with low socioeconomic backgrounds, their own parents were not emotionally available for them in terms of emotional intimacy. Conditioning them to shut down their emotions and being unable to deal with emotions in general, including their own children’s emotions Resulting in a stigma revolving around mental health and emotional well being, due to their own lack of understanding. With a lack of emotional intimacy they craved as children, they now enmesh with their own children and individuals that show them kindness and warmth, almost feeling entitled to these individuals. My parenting style will be more authoritative, with warmth, emotional intimacy and supporting individualism. By supporting my child in their endeavors through guidance but never forcing them I want them to discover who they are and for them to strive for success and their own happiness. 25. Discuss the stages for identity formation (Module 16.1) in terms of the formal operational stage of cognitive development. How is identity formation related to cognitive development? Answer: There are four stages of identity formation, diffusions, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement. Most teenagers are in a state of foreclosure or diffusion. Within the stage of diffusion, the individual is directionless, easily influenced by external factors, and shows a lack of commitment. Foreclosure teenagers allow adults or their parents to determine their exploration, beliefs, and values, going as far as to determine their future careers. Often teens within the diffusion stage do not explore alternative identities for fear of creating problems and decide to follow their parent's directions. As they grow older they have more opportunities, allowing for further exploration to go beyond the stages of diffusion and foreclosure. The formal operational stage is the final stage of cognitive development starting after the age of 12. Through this stage, hypothetical thinking and reasoning are able to apply mental operations to construct abstract notions. Self-exploration and using reasoning skills from the formal operational stage to fantasize about hypothetical situations allows adolescents to explore and achieve their identity. By solving problems by making hypotheses and then actively testing them, by giving different identities a trial run (by fantasizing) adolescents learn their potential. Identity experimentation is

Sandhu 5 key to moving on to the next stages of identity formation. With age, stages of moratorium and achievement are more common amongst young adults. An individual within the moratorium stage actively examines alternative identities but is yet to find one they are satisfied with. An individual that has come to a conclusion on their identity has reached the last stage of identity formation, achievement. They are not easily influenced by external factors yet they are flexible individuals with clarity on what they want in life. Achievement allows for a self-assured defined identity, some individuals may achieve this status within religion or occupation before any other domain.

Sandhu 6 Citations Kail, R.V & Zolner, T. (n.d) Children: A Chronological Approach (e.d. 6), Pearson Canada

Your preview ends here

Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version

Access to all documents
Unlimited textbook solutions
24/7 expert homework help

Related Documents

PSYC3520_Assessment4.docx

PSYC3520_Assessment3.docx

PSYC3520_Assessment2.docx

PSYC-FPX3520_JeffsSarah_Assessment1-1.docx

PSYC4900_Assessment2.docx

PSYC4900_Assessment1.docx

PSY 211 Module Five Milestone Template (1).docx

PSY 211 Module Two Milestone Template (1).docx

PSY 211 Module Three Activity Template (1).docx

PSY 211 Module One Milestone Template (1).docx

PSY 215 Module One Milestone Template (1).docx

ENG2020_Bias_CynthiaIracheta.pdf

Recommended textbooks for you

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)

Psychology

ISBN:9780134477961

Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White

Publisher:PEARSON

Cognitive Psychology

Psychology

ISBN:9781337408271

Author:Goldstein, E. Bruce.

Publisher:Cengage Learning,

Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and ...

Psychology

ISBN:9781337565691

Author:Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer, Tanya S. Martini

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Psychology in Your Life (Second Edition)

Psychology

ISBN:9780393265156

Author:Sarah Grison, Michael Gazzaniga

Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company

Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research a...

Psychology

ISBN:9781285763880

Author:E. Bruce Goldstein

Publisher:Cengage Learning

Theories of Personality (MindTap Course List)

Psychology

ISBN:9781305652958

Author:Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz

Publisher:Cengage Learning

SEE MORE TEXTBOOKS

Recommended textbooks for you

Ciccarelli: Psychology_5 (5th Edition)
Psychology
ISBN:9780134477961
Author:Saundra K. Ciccarelli, J. Noland White
Publisher:PEARSON
Cognitive Psychology
Psychology
ISBN:9781337408271
Author:Goldstein, E. Bruce.
Publisher:Cengage Learning,
Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and ...
Psychology
ISBN:9781337565691
Author:Dennis Coon, John O. Mitterer, Tanya S. Martini
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Psychology in Your Life (Second Edition)
Psychology
ISBN:9780393265156
Author:Sarah Grison, Michael Gazzaniga
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research a...
Psychology
ISBN:9781285763880
Author:E. Bruce Goldstein
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Theories of Personality (MindTap Course List)
Psychology
ISBN:9781305652958
Author:Duane P. Schultz, Sydney Ellen Schultz
Publisher:Cengage Learning