Gen Psych FL23 Midterm Study Guide ANSWERS

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Gen Psychology FL2023 Midterm Study Guide This study guide includes 80 questions, with 16 questions for each of the five chapters covered in the exam. The Midterm will have 40 questions, with 8 questions for each chapter. Chapter 1 1. Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis? A. An idea that proves a theory B. A means of explaining social phenomena C. A way of looking at the world D. A tentative explanation 2. Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time? A. critical thinking B. hypothesis C. statistical validation D. scientific theory 3. Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? A. A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. B. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy. C. Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. D. Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates. 4. Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________. A. behaviorism B. client-centered therapy C. introspection D. psychoanalysis 5. Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism? A. Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. B. Structuralism was parsimonious. C. The process was highly subjective. D. Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results. 6. Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

A. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious B. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests C. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes D. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior 7. A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principles of ________. A. Gestalt psychology B. humanism C. psychoanalytic theory D. structuralism 8. Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. A. humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism B. humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism C. structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism D. structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism 9. Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. A. genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior B. sensation and the effect of culture on perception C. the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior D. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions 10. Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ________. A. cognition B. perception C. personality D. social psychology 11. Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________. A. Gestalt psychology B. personality

C. psychoanalysis D. social psychology 12. Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology. A. existential-phenomenological B. industrial-organizational C. clinical D. theoretical 13. Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation? A. cognitive B. counseling C. forensic D. legal 14. Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries? A. A year-long internship B. A dissertation C. A minimum of three years of coursework D. Earning licensure 15. The empirical method of study is based on ________. A. logical positivism. B. observation of phenomena. C. practice of skills or procedures. D. statistical validation. 16. Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. A. explaining the subconscious B. the operation of individual parts of the mind C. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts D. understanding the id, ego, and superego Chapter 2 1. This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892. A. The American Psychological Society

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B. The National Institute of Mental Health C. The Centers for Disease Control D. The American Psychological Association 2. Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, “Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!” This research study suffers from an absence of ________. A. operational definition B. falsifiability C. circularity D. alternate explanations 3. Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________. A. case studies B. correlational C. cross-sectional D. surveys 4. A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. A. cross sectional B. experimental C. longitudinal D. survey 5. ________ assesses the consistency of observations by different observers. A. Attrition B. Inter-rater reliability C. A control group D. Validity 6. A negative correlation means ________. A. a third variable eliminates a correlational relationship B. one variable decreases as the other increases C. there is a relationship between two variables, but it is not statistically significant D. two variables increase together, but they are associated with an undesirable outcome

7. A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. A. confounding B. control C. dependent D. independent 8. The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. A. theory B. factual assertion C. illusory correlation D. internal attribution 9. Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions? A. correlational studies B. experimental C. quasi-experimental D. archival research 10. A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable. A. control; experimental B. dependent; independent C. experimental; control D. independent; dependent 11. In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. A. control B. double-blind C. pilot D. randomly assigned 12. Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity ? A. consistency B. applicability C. accuracy

D. repetition 13. An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study. A. debrief participants; ageist attitudes B. debrief participants; deception C. pay participants; deception D. pay participants; use of personal photos 14. Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent? A. explaining the hypothesis to the participants B. letting participants know that participation is voluntary C. obtaining the participant’s signature or a signature from the parent or guardian if the participant is a minor D. reviewing that data is confidential 15. The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________. A. validity B. reliability C. standardization D. operationalization 16. A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study. A. correlation coefficient B. scatterplot C. statistical analysis D. validity assessment Chapter 3 1. The space between two neurons is called the ________. A. soma B. synapse C. terminal button D. vesicle

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2. A(n) ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron’s cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. A. action potential B. depolarization C. hyperpolarization D. threshold of excitation 3. Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse? A. break down into inactive fragments B. collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release C. drifting away from the synapse D. reuptake 4. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________. A. depression B. obsessive-compulsive disorder C. Parkinson’s disease D. schizophrenia 5. The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. A. autonomic; somatic nervous systems B. autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems C. central; peripheral nervous systems D. parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems 6. The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic 7. ________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. A. homeostasis B. resting potential C. reuptake D. synergy

8. Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. A. autonomic B. parasympathetic C. somatic D. sympathetic 9. One example of ________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function. A. brain organization B. lateralization C. synaptogenesis D. Wernicke’s area 10. Which of the following brain processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex? A. breathing B. emotion C. memory D. reasoning 11. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage’s accident, which led to brain injury? A. Temporal lobe injury causes people to be incapable of controlling their emotional impulses. B. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, but specific brain areas are not linked to specific behaviors. C. Injury to the frontal lobe does not affect behavior. D. Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors. 12. The somatosensory cortex is responsible for processing ________. A. cognition and emotion B. language, such as speech C. motor information to body areas, such as arms, legs, and face D. temperature, touch, and pain 13. Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid

memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents’ hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for emotional memories. A. medulla B. frontal ganglia C. reward pathway D. limbic system 14. Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? A. Broca’s area B. hypothalamus C. substantia nigra D. thalamus 15. Jeremy has Parkinson’s disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood. It is likely that Jeremy’s ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to. A. motor cortex; acetylcholine B. motor cortex; dopamine C. substantia nigra; acetylcholine D. substantia nigra; dopamine Chapter 4 1. Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. A. conscience B. consciousness C. REM sleep D. unconsciousness 2. Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false ? A. Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. B. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity. C. Sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD. D. Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. 3. Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

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A. chromotropes B. chronologies C. chronotypes D. chromatins 4. Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world. A. circadian B. external C. melatonin D. diurnal 5. Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________. A. homeostasis B. jet lag C. night terrors D. parasomnia 6. What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. REM 7. What occurs during stage 1 sleep? A. Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. B. Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. C. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. D. Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens. 8. In Freud’s model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content. A. ego-driven B. preconscious C. latent D. manifest 9. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

A. A disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing. B. An individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. C. An individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep. D. Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus. 10. Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________. A. lucid dreaming B. parasomnias C. protoconsciousness D. somnambulism 11. Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same effect. This is an example of ________. A. physical dependence B. psychological dependence C. tolerance D. withdrawal 12. Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity. A. antipsychotic B. depressant C. hallucinogen D. stimulant 13. Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity. A. antipsychotic B. depressant C. hallucinogen D. stimulant 14. Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences. A. depressant B. hallucinogenic C. opioid D. stimulant

15. Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children? A. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with hyperactivity. B. They decrease neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. C. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with emotions. D. They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. 16. Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________. A. can be coerced into harming themselves and others by a skilled hypnotist B. report no memory of the events that occurred during the period they were hypnotized C. usually do not have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are not in control of their own behaviors D. usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors Chapter 5 1. ________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. A. Perception; transduction B. Perception; sensation C. Transduction; perception D. Sensation; perception 2. Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________. A. a just noticeable difference B. subliminal perception C. top-down processing D. transduction 3. Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies? A. bottom-up B. inside-out C. outside-in D. top-down

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4. Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit’s friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn’t know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ________ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived. A. attention B. friendship C. habit D. mood 5. Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment? A. cones B. fovea C. lens D. rods 6. What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus? A. afterimage B. preimage C. binocular image D. monocular image 7. Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? A. corneal B. acoustic C. optic D. gustatory 8. Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater? A. cones B. fovea C. iris D. rods 9. The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe. A. frontal

B. parietal C. occipital D. temporal 10. Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses? A. Neither one has sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. B. Because they are unrelated to biological senses. C. They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe. D. We cannot use these senses without the presence of specific chemicals in the body. 11. Which school of thinking in psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? A. Ruffinian B. Gestalt C. Pacinian D. Humanistic 12. Nikki was walking around a department store shopping one day, and did not realize that the shirt she was wearing looked just like the shirts worn by employees. When a stranger asked, “do you work here,” she thought it was funny. The other customers’ assumption that Nikki was a store employee demonstrates the Gestalt principle of _______. A. proximity B. closure C. continuity D. similarity 13. When a child works on a “connect the dots” puzzle, she can often see the completed work before she has finished all of the dots. Once there is enough visual information present, she’s able to perceive the completed picture even though it is still incomplete. Which Gestalt principle does this demonstrate? A. good continuation B. closure C. proximity D. contiguity 14. ________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds. A. higher; louder B. higher; quieter

C. higher; weaker D. lower; louder 15. The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________. A. crest; trough B. amplitude; length C. trough; crest D. length; amplitude 16. Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. A. kinesthesia B. nociception C. preconception D. thermoception

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Gen Psych FL23 Midterm Study Guide ANSWERS

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