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Evaluation of the Technical Quality of Three Tests Tasha Robinson Psy7610, Section 30 (Fall, 2023) Capella University Dr. Tara James-Lamonica 1

Introduction In my previous paper, I looked at depression testing. I focused on Becks' Depression Inventory-II, Becks' Hopelessness Scale, and Children's Depression Inventory-II. These scales are used in order to understand if a person has depression and their level of hopelessness. The chosen population for my paper was people who suffered from depression. Depression is within the standardization of the test. In a significant number of observational studies, hopelessness has been repeatedly recognized as the most important risk factor for suicide and suicide-related behaviors in patients with schizophrenia and, the general population (Aloba et al., 2018). For my course project, I will be focusing on Becks' Hopelessness Scale. Technical Review Article Summaries Aloba, O., Esan, O., & Alimi, T. (2018). Adaptation of the Beck Hopelessness Scale as a suicide risk screening tool among Nigerian patients with schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 22(1), 19–24. https://doi- org.library.capella.edu/10.1080/13651501.2017.1356928 In this study, Aloba, Esan, and Alimi, examined the adaptation of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) as an assessment tool in detecting Nigerian patients with schizophrenia who are at a high risk of suicide. They assessed 211 Schizophrenia patients who completed the BHS along with a sociodemographic questionnaire. They concluded that the BHS is valid in terms of its sensitivity and specificity in the identification of the high suicidal risk Nigerian schizophrenia 2

outpatients. Validity was found by computing a number of criterion validity-related parameters. Those parameters included sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios for the individual cut-off points. This study was reported to have exhibited satisfactory construct validity and items’ internal consistency in a cross- sectional sample of Nigerian patients with psychiatric disorders Granö, N., Oksanen, J., Kallionpää, S., & Roine, M. (2017). Specificity and sensitivity of the Beck Hopelessness Scale for suicidal ideation among adolescents entering early intervention service. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 71(1), 72–76. https://doi- org.library.capella.edu/10.1080/08039488.2016.1227370 In this study, Grano, Oksanen, Kallionpaa, and Roine targeted the sensitivity, Specificity, and predictive validity of the Beck Hopelessness Scale for suicidal ideation in adolescents who show early risk signs on the psychiatric disorder continuum. Hopelessness has been examined for its associations with risky suicidal behavior. The Beck Hopelessness Scale has been used for the assessment of hopelessness in schizophrenia patients. In this study, They looked at 302 adolescents with a mean age of 15.5. The adolescents were asked to complete the BHS along with a suicidal ideation questionnaire. The study concluded that the BHYS may be useful in detecting suicidal ideation in help-seeking adolescents. Construct validity was used and this study was shown to have good reliability. This study concluded that hopelessness is associated with suicidal ideation. García-Batista, Z. E., Guerra-Peña, K., Cano-Vindel, A., Herrera-Martínez, S. X., & Medrano, L. 3

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(2018). Validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in general and hospital population of Dominican Republic. PLoS ONE, 13(6), 1–12. https://doi- org.library.capella.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750 In this study with García-Batista, Guerra-Peña, Cano-Vindel,Herrera-Martínez, and Medrano, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was looked at. 1040 individuals from the Dominican Republic were looked at. They participated in a study with a mean age being 27.07. The BDI-II is self-reporting. It contained 21 items and the participants were asked to complete the questionnaire. The content validity and construct validity were tested. They both proved to be effective measures for depression. The present study supported the validity of the affective factor as a separate dimension from cognitive and somatic domains. This study was done in Spanish. A pilot study was conducted for this study to ensure that the participants were receiving the correct information and that the translation and interpretations were correct. Toledano-Toledano, F., & Contreras-Valdez, J. A. (2018). Validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) in family caregivers of children with chronic diseases. PLoS ONE, 13(11), 1–13. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0206917 In this study, Toledano-Toledano, and Contreras-Valdez, looked at the Beck Depression Inventory II in family caregivers of children with chronic diseases. the scale’s reliability and convergent validity were looked at. 446 family caregivers of children with chronic diseases at the National Institute of Health in Mexico City were examined. A battery of instruments was used to measure anxiety, caregiver burden, parental stress, well-being, and quality of life. They also responded to the BDI-II. Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability were calculated to assess the scale’s reliability, and Spearman´s rank correlation was used to investigate the scale’s convergent 4

validity. The study concluded that the two-factor somatic-affective and cognitive model had the best fit. The BDI-II demonstrated adequate reliability and evidence of convergent validity, as the BDI-II factors were positively correlated with anxiety, caregiver burden, and parental stress and negatively correlated with well-being and quality of life. The BDI-II is valid and reliable. They also concluded that it is a culturally relevant instrument to measure depression in caregivers of children with chronic diseases. Taylor, J. J., Grant, K. E., Amrhein, K., Carter, J. S., Farahmand, F., Harrison, A., Thomas, K. J., Carleton, R. A., Fugo-Hemandez, E., & Katz, B. N. (2014). The Manifestation of Depression in the Context of Urban Poverty: A Factor Analysis of the Children’s Depression Inventory in Low-Income Urban Youth. Psychological Assessment, 26(4), 1317–1332. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1037/a0037435 In a study conducted by Taylor, J. J., Grant, K. E., Amrhein, K., Carter, J. S., Farahmand, F., Harrison, A., Thomas, K. J., Carleton, R. A., Fugo-Hemandez, E., and Katz, B. N, the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) was looked at. The data for this study was apart of a longer study on stress and depression in low-income urban adolescents. A subset of 1311 of 1692 students were used for the analysis. European American youth and groups of minority youth that were too few were excluded. Questionnaires were given to the students. This research showed that exposure to stressful life experiences does predict depressive symptoms in adolescents. The validity of this study was inconclusive for test re-test. This study concluded that CDI was a strong fit for the pattern of symptoms reported by low-income urban youth. 5

Watson, H. J., Egan, S. J., Limburg, K., & Hoiles, K. J. (2014). Normative data for female adolescents with eating disorders on the Children’s depression inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(6), 666–670. https://doi- org.library.capella.edu/10.1002/eat.22294 In this study by Watson, Egan, Limburg, and Hoiles, the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) was looked at. 256 females aged 13-17 were looked at. This study was conducted in Western Australia and was part of a bigger study called the Helping to Outline Pediatric Eating Disorders Project. Ethnicity and income for this study were not available. Adaptations for language were used. Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) was also used. EDE is shown to be valid and reliable. EDE assessed purging episodes and weight control measurements. CDI total was not significantly higher when there was a longer duration of illness. Suicidal ideation data was available for the majority of the population. 48% of the population was shown to endorse suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation was more likely within a higher age group. The CDI was administered and was self-reporting. This study concluded that CDI total increased with age. Construct validity was examined. Conclusion All of the articles had tests that were reliable. In psychology, reliability helps researchers ensure consistency in their work. In order for a test to show reliability has to be able to be replicated. The test is able to be replicated and studied. Most of the tests were valid. In a study conducted by Taylor, J. J., Grant, K. E., Amrhein, K., Carter, J. S., Farahmand, F., Harrison, A., Thomas, K. J., Carleton, R. A., Fugo-Hemandez, E., and Katz, B. N, the test was inconclusive. This test could have been inconclusive for many reasons. The test taker could have had issues with the test issues could have had issues. The test could have been invalid for many reasons. 6

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The three tests used were the Children’s Depression Inventory, The Beck Depression Scale II, and Beck’s Hopelessness Scale. All of these scales correlate with depression in adults and adolescents. Each of these tests would be deemed appropriate for a Clinician Psychologist to asses. The tests are self-administering tests but have to be interpreted by someone who is trained in the protocol. 7

References Aloba, O., Esan, O., & Alimi, T. (2018). Adaptation of the Beck Hopelessness Scale as a suicide risk screening tool among Nigerian patients with schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 22(1), 19–24. https://doi- org.library.capella.edu/10.1080/13651501.2017.1356928 García-Batista, Z. E., Guerra-Peña, K., Cano-Vindel, A., Herrera-Martínez, S. X., & Medrano, L. A. (2018). Validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) in general and hospital population of Dominican Republic. PLoS ONE, 13(6), 1–12. https://doi- org.library.capella.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750 Granö, N., Oksanen, J., Kallionpää, S., & Roine, M. (2017). Specificity and sensitivity of the Beck Hopelessness Scale for suicidal ideation among adolescents entering early intervention service. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 71(1), 72–76. https://doi- org.library.capella.edu/10.1080/08039488.2016.1227370 Taylor, J. J., Grant, K. E., Amrhein, K., Carter, J. S., Farahmand, F., Harrison, A., Thomas, K. J., Carleton, R. A., Fugo-Hemandez, E., & Katz, B. N. (2014). The Manifestation of Depression in the Context of Urban Poverty: A Factor Analysis of the Children’s Depression Inventory in Low-Income Urban Youth. Psychological Assessment, 26(4), 1317–1332. https://doi-org.library.capella.edu/10.1037/a0037435 Toledano-Toledano, F., & Contreras-Valdez, J. A. (2018). Validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) in family caregivers of children with chronic diseases. PLoS ONE, 13(11), 1–13. https://doi- org.library.capella.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0206917 Watson, H. J., Egan, S. J., Limburg, K., & Hoiles, K. J. (2014). Normative data for female 8

adolescents with eating disorders on the Children’s depression inventory. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47(6), 666–670. https://doi- org.library.capella.edu/10.1002/eat.22294 9

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