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Oct 30, 2023

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CHILD DEVELOPMENT Vanessa Hernandez

AGENDA Introduction Related Theories of Child Development Stages of Prenatal Development Concepts related to infants’ and toddlers’ cognitive development Concepts related to infants’ and toddlers’ social- emotional development Concepts related to infants’ and toddlers’ physical development

INTRODUCTION CHILD DEVELOPMENT 3 Development is a complex process that involves several domains. The physical domain refers to changes in the body such as growth and motor skills. The cognitive domain involves changes in thinking, memory, and problem-solving abilities. Finally, the social-emotional domain encompasses changes in emotions, relationships, and social interactions. These three domains interconnect and influence each other throughout child development.

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RELATED THEORIES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT CHILD DEVELOPMENT 4 PIAGET‘S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Jean Piaget was a developmental psychologist whose theory states children’s cognitive abilities develop through four stages. These stages include the Sensorimotor stage (birth to 12-18 months), Preoperational stage (ages 2 to 7), Concrete operational stage (ages 7 to 11), and Formal operational stage (adolescence to adulthood). Each of the stages describes how children of different ages think and respond cognitively. ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT Lev Vygotsky was a psychologist who developed the Zone of Proximal Development. This theory states learning is a process that comes from social interaction and collaboration. This theory is classified into three zones: Zone 1 is something a child cannot do unassisted. Zone 2 is something a child can do with some assistance. Zone 3 is something a child can do independently without any assistance Vygotsky’s theory leans more on the idea of the people around us who assist in the development of a child. CONTINUOUS VS DISCONTINUOUS DEVELOPMENT Continuous and discontinuous development refers to two different approaches to understanding human development. Continuous development is the idea that development is a gradual and ongoing process, where skills and abilities are added incrementally over time. In contrast, discontinuous development suggests that development occurs in distinct stages, where new abilities emerge suddenly and qualitatively different from earlier stages.

STAGES OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT CHILD DEVELOPMENT 5 THE GERMINATION STAGE During this stage, the egg has become fertilized by the sperm and is multiplying cells each day. By this time, the zygote (egg) is making its way to the uterus to implant. This is the shortest stage. THE EMBRYONIC STAGE During this stage, the egg has now been implanted in the uterus. The embryo undergoes rapid cell division where the cells specialize and form the three GERM layers: The Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm. These germ layers become all the major organs and tissues in the body. The embryonic stage is a critical time in fetal development, as any exposure to harmful substances or conditions can result in birth defects or other health problems. THE FETAL STAGE The fetal stage is the third stage of prenatal development, which begins at the 9 th week of gestation and continues until birth. During this stage, the fetus undergoes significant growth and development, including the formation of organs and systems, such as the respiratory and circulatory systems. The fetus also begins to move and respond to external stimuli, such as light and sound. By the end of the fetal stage, the fetus is fully formed and ready to be born.

CONCEPTS RELATED TO INFANTS’ AND TODDLERS’ COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 6

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PIAGET THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Jean Piaget was a developmental psychologist whose theory states children’s cognitive abilities develop through four stages. These stages include the Sensorimotor stage (birth to 12-18 months), Preoperational stage (ages 2 to 7), Concrete operational stage (ages 7 to 11), and Formal operational stage (adolescence to adulthood). Each of the stages describes how children of different ages think and respond cognitively.

BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT THEORY Bowlby’s attachment theory is a psychological concept that explains how early childhood experiences shape an individual’s ability to form and maintain relationships throughout their lifetime. According to this theory, the quality of a child’s interactions with their primary caregiver during their first few years of life can have a significant impact on their emotional development and their ability to trust and connect with others. Bowlby believed that these early experiences could influence an individual’s attachment style, which he classified into three categories: secure, anxious ambivalent, and avoidant.

URIE BRONFENBRENNER’S SYSTEMS THEORY The systems theory is a psychological theory that emphasizes the importance of considering the various systems that individuals are a part of, including social, cultural, and environmental systems. The theory focuses on how these systems interact and influence human development and behavior. Bronfenbrenner identified several different systems that individuals are part of, including the microsystem, mesosystem, ecosystem, and macrosystem. The microsystem includes the immediate environment in which an individual lives, such as their family and school, while the mesosystem refers to the interactions between different microsystems. The exosystem includes societal establishments that indirectly affect individuals, such as the government or media, and the macrosystem includes cultural values and beliefs. Overall, the system’s theory emphasizes the importance of understanding the various systems and shaping human behavior and development.

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CONCEPTS RELATED TO INFANTS’ AND TODDLERS’ SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT 10

BANDURA’S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY Bandura’s social learning theory is a psychological theory that explains how people learn by observing and imitating the behaviors of others. This theory discusses how individuals can learn behaviors, attitudes, and values through modeling the actions of others, and by observing the consequences of these actions. Bandura believed that learning occurs in a social context and is influenced by cognitive factors such as attention and memory. This theory is used primarily in education, psychology, and communication.

SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY Sigmund Freud is a theorist in psychology who established a psychosexual theory. This theory consists of 5 stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital. It explains how human sexuality develops from infancy through adulthood. This developmental theory establishes a framework that seeks to explain how people grow and change over time while addressing biological, psychological, and social factors.

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ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY Erikson’s psychosocial developmental theory is a psychological theory that suggests that people go through eight different stages of development throughout their lifetime. The eight stages consist of Stage 1: trust vs. mistrust, Stage 2: autonomy vs. shame and doubt, Stage 3: initiative vs. guilt, Stage 4: industry vs. inferiority, Stage 5: identity vs. role confusion, Stage 6: intimacy vs. isolation, Stage 7: generativity vs. stagnation, and Stage 8: integrity vs. despair. These stages range from infancy to late adulthood, and each stage is marked by a unique set of challenges and opportunities for personal growth. This theory is named after Erik Erikson and is used in many fields including education, psychology, and sociology.

CONCEPTS RELATED TO INFANTS’ AND TODDLERS’ PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 14

AGES AND STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT The stages of development refer to the various phases a person goes through as they grow and mature. These stages are typically divided into five categories infancy (Birth to Year 1), toddler(Year 1 to Year 3), early childhood(Year 3 to Year 6), middle childhood(Year 6 to Year 12), and adolescence(Year 12 to Year 18). During the infancy stage, a child is primarily dependent on the caregiver for physical needs. They begin to develop motor skills and their senses to explore the environment around them. During the toddler stage, motor skills continue to develop as the toddler explores the environment around them. At this stage, they begin to learn how to be more self-sufficient. During the early childhood stage, the child learns about their environment through physical and social play. During this time, the child is now gaining a sense of awareness of how those around them think. During the middle childhood stage, the child develops critical thinking skills and a more structured way of thinking. They begin to engage in school activities that assist in the development of these skills. The last stage is adolescence, and in this stage, the child goes through changes in puberty and develops a sense of identity while obtaining relationships with those around them.

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NATURE VS NURTURE The nature versus nurture debate in development is a discussion among psychologists and scientists. This debate centers on the importance of genetic inheritance (nature) vs. personal experience (nurture) in determining an individual’s behavior and traits. On one hand, nature advocates argue that genes play a significant role in shaping behavior, personality, and intellectual abilities. They believe that traits are primarily inherited and that environmental factors have little impact on shaping individual development. On the other hand, nurture advocates believe that environmental factors such as upbringing, socialization, and experiences are the primary determinants of behavior and personality. They argue that environmental factors shape an individual’s development and that genes have a limited impact on behavior and traits. Overall, the nature versus nurture debate remains unresolved, and both factors are believed to play a significant role in shaping an individual’s development.

MOTOR AND SENSORY DEVELOPMENT Motor and sensory development is a crucial aspect of human growth and development from infancy to adulthood. During infancy, babies rely on their senses, such as touch, taste, and smell, to explore and learn about their new environment. As they grow, their motor skills also develop, allowing them to crawl, walk, run, and engage in various physical activities. During childhood and adolescence, the development of fine motor skills becomes more defined, allowing them to develop more complex skills such as hand-eye coordination. The development of sensory and motor skills is a continuous process throughout childhood and adolescence and plays a significant role in shaping their physical development.