Psychology Quiz Review

Define Psychology & What are the di ff erent Schools of Thought? - Explores social interactions, but from a smaller perspective - Research how individuals function, develop, survive and thrive - Main goal is to describe, understand, control/modify, and predict human behaviour - Psychologists study human behaviour and the mental processes of the brain - Schools of Psychology are: Behaviourism, Psychoanalysis, Humanism, Cognitive - Behaviourism : Study of people and animals observable behaviours. Either ignore or discount the inner mind - Psychoanalysis : Examination of inner mind often focusing on thoughts, feelings, emotions, fantasies and dreams and try to understand the conscious and subconscious mind - Humanism : Favour more qualitative than quantitative research - Cognitive : Attempt to understand the mind through scientific methods, often utilizing technology as a means to perceive the mind's biological inner workings, such as beliefs, motivations, and desires. - - Behaviorism : John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F.Skinner - Psychoanalysis : Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, Carl Jung, Erik Erikson - Humanism : Abraham Maslow, Viktor Frankl, Carl Rogers - Cognitive : Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Albert Bandura, Elizabeth Loftus, Leta Stetter, Hollingworth Psychoanalytic Theory The mind ID is divided into two parts: The Conscious (Aware of) and the Unconscious (Not Aware of) According to psychologists, our unconscious mind has more influence than our conscious mind on our personalities and behaviour Sigmund Freud - The founder of psychoanalytic theory - He believed our early childhood experiences, involving our relationships, are stored in our unconscious mind - This may be treated using dream analysis, hypnosis and individual counselling - Freud felt that individual sexual satisfaction or frustration was the key element in personality development Alfred Adler - Adler developed a theory called inferiority complex. This mean that people generally feel interior at some point of their life - In order to make themselves feel better they seek experiences that provide power - Adler believed that the di ffi culties people encounter in gaining self-esteem and recognition is due to the inferiority complex Carl Jung - Responsible for the Identification of the Extroverted (Outward-looking; outgoing; rely on others for sense of well-being) and Introverted (Inward-looking; emotionally self su ffi cient; well being comes within) personality types - Jung worked closely with Freud but split later in their careers - The other aspect of Jung’s work which has been very influential is his approach to the analysis of dreams. Pavlov and Skinner are part of Learning What is Operant Conditioning? (B.F Skinner) - A type of learning that uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behaviour - BF Skinner 1904-1990 - Skinner realized that most behaviour is not the result of the pairing of unrelated stimuli - Skinner put a rat in a cage that had a bar, that when pushed, would drop a food pellet into the cage the rat randomly pushed the bar and got food - The next time it pushed the bar, it got more food again - Eventually it pushed the bar constantly, knowing it would get food - He based the cause of behaviour on the rewards that were associated with it - Skinner Believed in using rewards to reinforce behaviour, and punishments to discourage them - Positive reinforcement : An even/condition that increases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccur - Negative reinforcement : An event/condition that decreases the likelihood that a certain behaviour will reoccur - Psychologists suggest that rewards are more e ff ective long term desired behaviour

What is Classical Conditioning? (Ivan Pavlov) - Conditioned learning occurs when an individual acquires patterns of behaviour in the presence of an environmental stimulus - Learning to respond to a particular stimulus in a particular war - Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 - Pavlov’s dog experiment - Pavlov knew that he would receive an Unconditioned Response (Drooling) when he presented the Conditioned Stimulus (Food) to a dog - To test his theory, Pavlov took previously neutral stimulus (Bell) and began to ring it at the same time the dog received food - After a while, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with receiving food, a Conditioned Stimulus since it produced the Conditioned Response - This type of learning response as Classical Conditioning A Unconditioned stimulus (US) is paired with a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) to turn an Unconditioned response (UR) to a Conditioned (CR) US (food) + UR (Salivation) US (Food) + NS (Bell) = UR (Salivation) CS (Bell) = CR (Salivation) Example During the late summer Joseph got food poisoning from eating sushi that had gone bad. Since then, he can not eat sushi, smell it or see it. If he saw sushi he would get nauseous. He will most likely react negatively to the sight, smell, and taste of it. What is the…? UCS? - Is the Sushi UCR? - Eating the Sushi NS? - Food Poisoning CS? - Smelling, Sight, and Taste of the Food Again CR? - Nauseousness What is Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs? Know each Step - Humanist Theorist - Maslow was considered one of the founder of Humanistic Psychology - He was interested in studying people - He studied what he called “ self-actualizing” people and their “ peak experiences” because he wanted to understand how they achieved the status of having reached their full potential - Hierarchy of needs (Theory of Motivation) Basic needs must be fulfilled before higher – order needs become important - Maslow is the Father of Humanistic Psychology - Maslow stated that people are not controlled by mechanical forces emphasized by Psychoanalysis - Cannot progress to the next level until need are satisfied - Used the Hierarchy to explain why people are motivated to do certain things Physiological Need: Food, Water, Sleep, Shelter Safety Needs: Body, Employment, Health, Family, Morality, Property Love & Belonging Needs: The need for love and feelings of belongingness from Friends, Family, Sexual Intimacy Esteem Needs: Self-esteem, Confidence, Achievement, Respect of others, Respect by others Self-Actualization: Believed that less than 1% of the adult population reaches this level Morality, Creativity, Lack of prejudice, Acceptance of facts, Problem solving - Intrinsic motivation involves doing something because it's personally rewarding to you. - Extrinsic motivation involves doing something because you want to earn a reward or avoid punishment.

Define OCD Obsessive Compulsive disorder (OCD) - Marked by repeated obsessions and/or compulsions that are severe they interfere with everyday life Define Dementia - General term for loss of memory, language, problem-solving and other thinking abilities that are severe enough to interfere with daily life Define Bulimia - Serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder. People with bulimia may secretly binge — eating large amounts of food with a loss of control over the eating — and then purge, trying to get rid of the extra calories in an unhealthy way Define Depression - A mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest and can interfere with your daily functioning - Depressed mood symptoms include: - Loss of interest or pleasure in life - Irritability and sadness - Sleep or appetite problems - Lack of concentration - Sense of worthlessness, guilt - In some cases thoughts of suicide Define PTSD Post-Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - Re-experiencing a traumatic event e.g. Battle situation or car crash - Accompanied by feelings of extreme anxiety What is Nature vs Nurture? - Nature refers to the genes and human genetics - Nurture refers to the surroundings and environment a person grows up in Nature refers to the scientific reason behind someone’s acts. This means the genes. Nature has to do with your DNA and your genes that come from the parents. If you have issues with anger, it is most likely that one of your parents does as well which makes that specific gene relate to them. Your physical appearance as either a boy or girl has to do with genes as well. However, nature is your environment and your surroundings. If your parents are always abusing you, hurting you, yelling at you, and being completely disrespectful when it comes to the child, it will be likely that the child will grow up the same way because the environment changed his personality to adapt to what they were used to. What are the di ff erent types of defence mechanisms? (Projection, Denial, Reaction Formation, Repression) Defence Mechanism The ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety Repression A process in which unacceptable desires or impulses are excluded from consciousness and left to operate in the unconscious Denial A defence mechanism where a person refuses to recognize something that is painful Displacement The shift of emotion from it’s original focus to another object, person, or situation Free Association A method used in Psychoanalysis where a patient refuses and says whatever comes to mind Projection A defence mechanism where a person attributes their own threatening impulses onto someone else Neo-Freudians Psychologists who modified Freud's psychoanalytic theory to include social and cultural aspects

Know the Following Psychologists and their Theories: Alfred Adler~ Inferiority Complex - Adler developed a theory called inferiority complex. This mean that people generally feel interior at some point of their life - In order to make themselves feel better they seek experiences that provide power - Adler believed that the di ffi culties people encounter in gaining self-esteem and recognition is due to the inferiority complex Carl Jung~ Introversion and Extroversion, Archetypes - Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theorists - Jung was the founder of analytic psychology, as way to understand motivation based on the conscious and unconscious mind, which together form the Psyche - Stated there are two parts to the unconscious: The personal and the collective - Personality is unique to each individual while the collective unconscious contains memories from our ancestors - He believed that certain images and symbols tended to appear over and over again. Jung determined that these models of people, behaviours, and personalities were universal archetypes of the collective unconscious - Responsible for the identification of the Extroverted (Outward-looking; outgoing rely on other for the sense of well- being and Introverted (Inwards looking, emotionally self su ffi cient; well being comes from within) personality types. Ivan Pavlov~ Classical Conditioning - Behavioural Theorist - Pavlov was interested in the relationship between stimulus and response - He concluded with the right kind of stimulus, behaviour could be manipulated - He taught dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell - Pavlov coin the term unconditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, conditions stimulus, conditioned response and classic conditioning B.F Skinner~ Operant Conditioning - Behavioural Theorist - Skinner is considered to have developed true behaviourism because he was concerned with only observable behaviours, not the mental processes behind them - Use rats and pigeons to show that punishment and rewards can influence behaviour - Operant Conditioning a type of learning that uses rewards and punishment to achieve a desired behaviour Freud~ Id, Ego, Superego, (sub)conscious mind, psychoanalysis-psychosexual stages of development - Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theorists (1856-1939) - Sigmund Freud is the founder of Psychoanalytic Theory - He believed our early childhood experiences, usually involving our relationship with parents and family are stored in our unconscious mind - While we are normally unaware of these memories, they can have a powerful influence on the way we function - Human Consciousness is made up with the: ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO - ID: The Instinctual aspect of the mind, which is run by the “Pleasure Principle” - EGO: Represents the rational part of the mind and operates on the “Reality Principle” - SUPEREGO: Acts as the minds conscious “Moral centre of the mind” Erik Erikson~ Psychosocial Stages of Development (1902-1994) - Developmental Theorist - Unlike Freud does not discuss psychosexual stages, however he discusses Psychosocial development - Erikson believed that adolescents experiences something called an Identity crisis - Erikson emphasized the role of culture and society in the proper development of progressing through the social stages of life - The developmental tasks that are situated in each stage must be resolved in order to progress properly to the next stage - Erikson was a Neo-Freudian in terms of child development - Erikson believed that adolescents sometimes experience what he called an identity crisis - He came up with 8 psychological stages of development

UCS = Hot Water UCR = Jumping out of the Shower NS = The Toilet Flush CR = Jumping out of the Shower Gestalt Psychology~ Perception - Perception is the process that allows us to select, organize, and interpret signals in the brain - Perception is influenced by three Factors: - The object itself - The background or surroundings - The experiences and feelings of the person who is perceiving - The principle of Gestalt psychology is that the brain is holistic, parallel, and equivalent, with self-organizing tendencies - The principle states that the human eye sees objects in their completeness before distinguishing their individual portions, suggesting the whole is greater than the sum of its parts Rorschach Technique: - Is a psychological test where subjects perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretations - Psychologists use this test to inspect a person's personality and emotion - It has been used to perceive underlying thoughts, it is a good way to decipher a person's thoughts especially those who are reluctant to do so. Harry Harlow~ Attachment Theory (1959) - Developmental Theorist - He used primates to study human behaviour because they have a number of similarities to humans and similar genetic makeup - He wanted to find out which urge was stronger: the need for a ff ection or the satisfaction of physical needs - Emotion is any strong agitation of the feelings actuated by experiencing love, hate, fear etc. - “The Monkey Love Experiment” - Harry Harlow studied the impact of security and “Contact comfort” on infant attachment - Harlow evaluated whether feeding or contact comfort was more important to infant attachment - The young animals were “raised” by two kinds of surrogate monkey mother machines - One mother was made of soft terry cloth, the other was made of wire mesh - Harlow's research showed that the need for A ff ection created stronger bond between mother and infant than did physical needs (food) - Harlow showed that the development of attachment was closely associated with critical periods in early life - It is di ffi cult or impossible to compensate for the loss of initial emotional security Philip Zimbardo~ (Stanford Prison Experiment) - To study the roles people play in prison situations, Zimbardo converted a basement of the Stanford University psychology building into a mock prison. - When the prisoners arrived at the prison they were stripped naked, deloused, had all their personal possessions removed and locked away, and were given prison clothes and bedding. They were issued a uniform, and referred to by their number only. Soon #8612 “began to act ‘crazy,’ to scream, to curse, to go into a rage that seemed out of control.” It wasn’t until this point that the psychologists realized they had to let him out. De-individuation may explain the behaviour of the participants; especially the guards. This is a state when you become so immersed in the norms of the group that you lose your sense of identity and personal responsibility. Albert Bandura~ Behaviour and Observation (Bobo Doll Experiment) - Cognitive Theories - Bandura wondered why di ff erent people have di ff erent responses to the same situation - People learn behaviours by watching them imitate others - He proved this by creating the Bobo Doll Experiment: Children watched the video in which an adult acted aggressively toward a rubber Bobo doll by hitting, punching, and kicking it; then he left (The children interact with the doll) and they interact just as aggressively

- The conscious mind is everything we are aware of, that we can think and talk about rationally - The unconscious mind is the key to understanding human behaviour The ID: - According to Freud, we are born with our ID. The id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs met. - The ID does not care about reality, about the needs of anyone else, only it’s own satisfaction. If you think about it, babies are not really considerate of their parent's wishes. They have no care for time, whether their parents are sleeping, relaxing, eating dinner, or bathing - When the ID wants something, nothing else is important. The EGO: - Within the next three years, as a child interacts more and more with the world, the second part of the personality begins to develop. - Freud called this part the EGO. The ego is based on the reality principle. The ego understands that other people have needs and desires and that sometimes being impulsive or selfish can hurt us in the long run. - It's the ego's job to meet the needs of the ID, while taking into consideration the reality of the situation. The SUPEREGO: - By the age of five, or end of the phallic stage of development, the SUPEREGO develops. - The Superego is the moral part of us and develops due to the moral and ethical restraints placed on us by our caregivers Many equate the superego with the conscious as it dictates our belief of right and wrong. Freud's Theory: Three Elements of the Human Mind - ID, EGO and SUPEREGO - In a healthy person, according to Freud, the EGO is the strongest so that it can satisfy the needs of the ID, not upset and the SUPEREGO, and still take into consideration the reality of every situation. - If the ID gets too strong, impulses and self gratification take over the person's life - If the superego becomes too strong, the person would be driven by rigid morals, would be judged and unbending in his or her interactions with the world. - A Mental illness is a disorderly function of the mind - The categories are: Anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenic disorders, personality disorders, substance - related disorders - Psychologists sometimes refer mental illnesses as abnormal behaviour: Behaviour that is out of the ordinary and does not confirm to the behaviours of most people - The causes could be stress, psychological factors like childhood experiences, biological factors such as brain function, disease or genetic predispositions - Characteristics can be personal su ff ering, persistent personal unhappiness, inability to function in society, antisocial