PSYC236- Multiple Choice Examples

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PSYC236: Multiple Choice Examples PERCPETION: WEEK 1 (L1): Introduction to Perception Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives: 1. What is perception 2. Visual Perception o How visual perception overcomes problems o Perception is subject to illusion o Unified experience/parallel processing 3. How do you study perception: Psychophysics 4. Useful measures of visual perception M/C 1. What is perception? a. The process of detecting colours b. Interpreting sensory information to understand the world c. A type of illusion d. The response to physical stimuli e. 2. How does visual perception overcome problems like limited resolution and field of view? a. Through illusions b. By using saccades and fixations c. By ignoring peripheral vision d. By relying solely on colour perception e. 3. Which of the following best describes an illusion in visual perception?

a. An accurate representation of reality b. A misinterpretation of visual stimuli that matches physical reality c. A mechanism that enhances visual clarity d. A misinterpretation of visual stimuli that does not match physical reality e. 4. What does psychophysics aim to study? a. The relationship between perception and cognition b. The relationship between physical stimuli and psychological responses c. The brain's response to visual stimuli d. The role of parallel processing in perception e. 5. Which of the following is a useful measure of visual perception that quantifies the smallest change in stimulus intensity a person can detect? a. Absolute threshold b. Sensory adaptation c. Signal Detection Theory d. Perceptual constancies 6. What does the Signal Detection Theory analyse in perception? a. The ability to detect colour variations b. The ability to recognize illusions c. The ability to differentiate between meaningful signals and background noise d. The ability to maintain constant retinal images WEEK 1 (L2): Physiology of Vision Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers:

Objectives: 1. Background o Physics of light o Biology of eyes 2. Major divisions of the visual system 3. Vision and bottom-up processing 4. Visual pathways to the brain 5. Anatomy of the human eye 6. Anatomy of the retina o Types of ganglion cells/paths in retina 7. Receptor cells o Rods and Cones 8. The fovea versus periphery 9. Connection to LGN 10. Connection to Visual Cortex M/C 1. What is the primary role of the lower visual system in the visual processing hierarchy? a. Recognizing objects and faces b. Detecting basic features like edges and motion c. Processing complex visual information d. Regulating the amount of light entering the eye 2. What is the primary function of the optic nerve in the visual pathway? a. Focus incoming light onto the retina b. Transmit signals from the retina to the brain's primary visual cortex c. Control the amount of light entering the eye d. Process colour information 3. Which part of the eye regulates the amount of light entering the eye and appears as the coloured part? a. Cornea b. Pupil c. Retina d. Lens 4. What is the main function of the fovea in the retina? a. Detection of motion and low light levels b. Processing colour information c. Central vision and fine detail recognition d. Relay of visual information to the LGN 5. What are the two primary types of photoreceptor cells in the retina? a. Parvocellular and magnocellular cells

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b. Cones and rods c. Feature detectors and orientation cells d. Cornea and lens 6. Where does the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relay visual information to in the brain? a. Higher visual system b. Primary visual cortex (V1) c. Optic nerve d. Retina WEEK 2 (L1): Physiology/ Colour Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 3 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives: 1. Colour Perception Overview 2. Three pathways (Magno (M), Parvo (P) and Koni (K)) M/C 1. Which of the following pathways primarily processes motion and spatial information but also contributes to the perception of colour through contrast and luminance changes? a. Parvo (P) Pathway b. Koni (K) Pathway c. Magno (M) Pathway d. None of the above 2. Which pathway is highly sensitive to differences in colour and is responsible for our ability to perceive a wide range of colours? a. Koni (K) Pathway b. Parvo (P) Pathway c. Magno (M) Pathway d. Konio-Parvo (KP) Pathway 3. What role does the koniocellular (K) pathway play in colour perception? a. It is responsible for perceiving motion and spatial information. b. It specializes in processing fine details and spatial resolution. c. It contributes to colour perception by conveying information about colour contrasts and small variations in colour. d. It is responsible for providing information about specific wavelengths of light in the visual scene. WEEK 2 (L2): Colour Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives: 1. Light colour and reflectance 2. Three cones: Trichromacy (S, M, L cone) 3. Metamers

4. Colour mixing o Additive vs subtractive 5. Colour blindness o Dichromatic Colour Vision 6. Opponent-Process Theory 7. How does colour constancy work? M/C 1. What is the primary reason that objects appear to have different colours? a. The inherent colour of the object itself b. The wavelengths of light that the object reflects or absorbs c. The colour of the light source illuminating the object d. The colour of the viewer's eyes 2. Which of the following cones is sensitive to short wavelengths of light, corresponding to blue colours? a. Long (L) cone b. Medium (M) cone c. Short (S) cone d. None of the above 3. What are metamers in the context of colour perception? a. Colours that are inherently identical b. Pairs of colours that appear identical due to differences in lighting c. Pairs of colours that are physically different but appear identical to the human eye d. Colours that can only be seen by people with normal colour vision 4. Which of the following describes additive colour mixing? a. Mixing pigments to create new colours b. Mixing colours by adding light c. Mixing colours by subtracting wavelengths d. Mixing colours to produce black 5. What type of colour vision condition results in a reduced ability to distinguish certain colours due to a lack of functional receptors for one type of cone? a. Tritanopia b. Dichromatic colour vision c. Monochromacy d. Achromatopsia 6. According to the Opponent-Process Theory, how does the perception of colour arise? a. By directly combining the signals from the three types of cones b. Through the antagonistic responses of three pairs of opposing colour channels c. By mixing pigments in the subtractive colour model d. By adjusting the intensity of red, green, and blue lights

WEEK 3 (L1 + L2): Motion 1 & 2 Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Outline 1. What is motion? 2. What can motion be used for? 3. Types of motion o Real motion vs. apparent motion 4. The wagon wheel 5. Motion after effects 6. Reichardt detector 7. Computational theories 8. Anatomy of motion perception 9. Where is motion processed? 10. Akinetopsia 11. Eye movements (Fast movements called Saccades and Slow continuous eye movements, called smooth pursuit) & motion M/C 1. What is the primary role of motion perception in our daily lives? a. Creating stationary images b. Interpreting static environments c. Navigating surroundings and tracking moving objects d. Enhancing depth perception 2. What is the difference between real motion and apparent motion? a. Real motion involves the brain's tendency to perceive motion when there is none, while apparent motion is based on actual physical movement. b. Real motion is a perceptual phenomenon, while apparent motion involves the physical movement of objects. c. Real motion is characterized by slow-moving objects, while apparent motion is associated with fast-moving objects. d. Real motion refers to motion perception in low light conditions, while apparent motion occurs in well-lit environments. 3. What is the "wagon wheel effect" in the context of motion perception? a. The illusion of a stationary wheel appearing to move b. The slowing down or reversal of a rotating spoked wheel in movies or videos c. The adaptation of motion perception after staring at a waterfall

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d. The brain's ability to process motion in high-speed environments 4. Motion after effects, or the waterfall illusion, occur as a result of: a. Staring at a stationary scene for an extended period b. Neural adaptation in the visual system after prolonged exposure to specific motion c. Rapid eye movements during motion perception d. A malfunction in the primary visual cortex (V1) 5. What does the Reichardt detector model propose regarding motion detection? a. It suggests that motion is detected by analysing the colour of objects in motion. b. It proposes that motion perception is solely based on the size of moving objects. c. It involves the comparison of inputs from two adjacent retinal locations to determine motion direction and speed. d. It argues that motion perception is based on the number of moving objects in the visual field. 6. Which part of the visual system is responsible for advanced motion processing, including direction, speed, and object tracking? a. Primary visual cortex (V1) b. Medial superior temporal area (MST) c. Middle temporal area (MT) d. Retina WEEK 4 (L1): Size Perception Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives: 1. Illustrate the geometrical relationship between object size, image size and distance 2. Define size constancy and summarise experimental evidence as to the extent to which this is achieved 3. Define size distance scaling and explain how it might account for size illusions 4. State Emmert’s law 5. Explain the following types of illusions in regards to size perception: o Ponzo o Titchner o Ames Room 6. Explain size in relation to Visual angle, spatial frequency and perceived size. 7. Explain size consistency in relation to size distance scaling and Emmert’s Law 8. Explain the geometry that determines images size 9. Briefly revisit the physiology that encodes and processes images 10. Review experimental evidence on judgements of perceived size 11. Explain the Constructivist theoretical approach to size perception and consider how the theories might explain illusions of perceived size. 12. Explain the Direct perception theoretical approach to size perception and consider how the theories might explain illusions of perceived size M/C 1. What does size constancy refer to in the context of perception?

a. The ability to perceive different sizes accurately b. The tendency to perceive objects as larger when they are farther away c. The brain's ability to maintain a relatively stable perception of an object's size despite changes in its distance d. The inability to estimate the distance of objects based on their size 2. How does the Ponzo illusion work, and what does it reveal about size perception? a. The Ponzo illusion involves objects of different sizes, which appear the same due to contextual cues. This demonstrates the role of size-distance scaling in size perception. b. The Ponzo illusion involves objects of the same size appearing different due to their positions in a converging context, revealing the influence of depth cues on perceived size. c. The Ponzo illusion is a result of objects changing in size over time, highlighting the limitations of size constancy. d. The Ponzo illusion occurs when objects of the same size are placed in parallel lines, showing the role of retinal image size in perceived size. 3. What is Emmert's law, and how does it relate to perceived size? a. Emmert's law states that objects closer to the observer appear smaller, and this directly influences size constancy. b. Emmert's law is a description of the relationship between object size and distance and emphasizes the importance of size-distance scaling. c. Emmert's law states that the perceived size of an afterimage or a visual stimulus can be influenced by the perceived distance of the surface on which it is projected. d. Emmert's law is a measure of size constancy and helps explain how the brain maintains a stable perception of an object's size. 4. Which theoretical approach to size perception emphasizes the brain's construction of mental representations based on sensory input and prior knowledge, and how does it explain size illusions? a. Direct Perception; It suggests that illusions occur due to errors in extracting accurate size cues from sensory information. b. Constructivist; It argues that illusions happen when the brain misinterprets or misapplies contextual cues, leading to distorted size perceptions. c. Ecological; It posits that illusions result from the brain's direct and immediate processing of sensory information without cognitive involvement. d. Gestalt; It proposes that size illusions occur due to the brain's natural tendency to organize perceptual elements into meaningful wholes. 5. What is the key factor in determining an object's perceived size in the context of visual angle and spatial frequency? a. Object's distance from the observer b. Object's physical size c. Object's luminance and contrast d. Object's speed of motion 6. In the context of size perception, what does the Ames Room illusion demonstrate? a. The impact of retinal image size on perceived size b. The role of spatial frequency in determining size c. The brain's ability to accurately estimate size and distance d. The influence of contextual cues and misleading depth cues on perceived size

WEEK 4 (L2): Depth Perception Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives: 1. Define depth. 2. Explain the ambiguities of visual depth perception. 3. Sources of depth information 4. Ocular depth cues o Convergence and Accommodation explained/ relevance 5. Pictorial depth cues o Occlusion o Relative size o Familiar Size o Height in field o Shadows and shading o Aerial perspective o Edge interpretation o Image blur 6. Perspective (A combination of Relative size and Foreshortening) 7. Binocular stereopsis 8. Depth from motion 9. Cue combination M/C 1. What is the definition of depth perception? a. The ability to see clearly at different distances b. The perception of the three-dimensional aspects of the world c. The ability to distinguish colours accurately d. The process of recognizing objects by their shape 2. What are the ambiguities of visual depth perception? a. The limitations of depth cues b. Challenges in interpreting visual cues c. Clarity of visual information d. Lack of relevant research 3. Which of the following is an example of a monocular depth cue? a. Binocular disparity b. Convergence c. Aerial perspective 4. How does accommodation contribute to ocular depth cues in vision? a. Accommodation helps determine the convergence of the eyes. b. Accommodation is responsible for the brain's interpretation of retinal disparity. c. Accommodation allows the eye's lens to adjust its shape for focusing at different distances. d. Accommodation is involved in motion parallax cues.

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5. Which of the following is NOT a pictorial depth cue? a. Relative size b. Shadows and shading c. Binocular disparity d. Aerial perspective 6. Binocular stereopsis is based on: a. Differences in the eye's ability to accommodate. b. Retinal disparity and differences in the images captured by each eye. c. Differences in the size of the pupils between the eyes. d. Motion parallax and relative size cues. WEEK 5 (L1): Depth Recognition Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives 1. Distinguish between the different levels of depth information 2. Explain why depth is ambiguous 3. Illustrate different cues to depth o Oculomotor o Pictorial o Stereoscopic o Motion 4. Explain the properties of texture gradients 5. Explain Foreshortening in relation to depth 6. Explain Familiar Size in relation to depth o Explain Relative and Familiar Size and Opacity 7. Explain Position relative to the horizon 8. Explain Atmospheric Perspective in relation to depth 9. Explain shading and lighting in relation to depth 10. Explain Stereoscopic Depth cues

o Wheatstone 1938 Line Stereograms 11. Explain End of Binocular chunk in relation to depth 12. Explain motion cues in relation to depth 13. Explain Kinetic occlusion cue accretion/deletion 14. Explain the Motion Parallax 15. Cue combination M/C 1. What are the primary levels of depth information that contribute to our understanding of spatial relationships? a. Oculomotor, monocular, and stereoscopic b. Linear perspective, texture gradient, and motion parallax c. Monocular cues, binocular cues, and motion cues d. Monocular, binocular, motion, and pictorial cues 2. Why is depth perception considered ambiguous? a. The human brain lacks the ability to process depth information accurately. b. Depth cues are inconsistent and unreliable. c. Different cues can lead to conflicting perceptions of depth. d. There is no connection between retinal images and depth. e. 3. Which depth cue involves the lens of the eye adjusting its shape to focus on objects at varying distances? a. Stereopsis b. Convergence c. Accommodation d. Linear perspective

e. 4. How does foreshortening contribute to depth perception? a. Objects appear compressed when viewed from an angle, indicating their spatial arrangement. b. Objects appear smaller as they move farther away from the observer. c. Objects appear hazy and less detailed due to atmospheric effects. d. Objects cast shadows that help determine their depth. e. 5. What does "familiar size" refer to in depth perception? a. The relative size of objects within a scene b. The known size of objects used to estimate their distance c. The opacity of objects in relation to one another d. The spacing of texture elements on a surface e. 6. How does atmospheric perspective contribute to depth perception? a. By changing the apparent size of objects within a scene b. By creating linear perspective in the visual field c. By making distant objects appear bluer and less detailed d. By causing objects to appear compressed when viewed from an angle WEEK 5 (L2): Object Recognition Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives 1. What is Object recognition o What is its aim 2. Outline the challenge of object recognition o Describe proposed solutions and related evidence 3. Define and Characterize different types of visual agnosia o Simultagnosia

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o Apperceptive/Associative o Prosopagnosia (face blindness) o Object agnosia (animate/inanimate) 4. What is the solution to visual agnosia 5. Explain Deep Neural Networks (DNN) in relation to object recognition 6. Relations between parts o Geon structural description and Non accidental relations (Relative size, Verticality, Centring and Relative size of joined surface) M/C 1. What is the primary aim of object recognition? a. To identify objects based on their smell b. To efficiently categorize and make sense of complex visual input c. To recognize objects based on their taste d. To detect objects based on their auditory features 2. What is one of the challenges of object recognition, as described in the notes? a. The lack of visual stimuli to recognize objects b. The brain's inability to process visual information c. The variability and complexity of real-world objects d. The absolute consistency of lighting and viewpoint 3. Which type of visual agnosia is characterized by the inability to perceive multiple objects or scenes simultaneously? a. Prosopagnosia b. Simultagnosia c. Apperceptive Agnosia d. Object Agnosia 4. What is the primary difference between apperceptive agnosia and associative agnosia? a. Apperceptive agnosia is related to face recognition, while associative agnosia is related to object recognition. b. Apperceptive agnosia involves difficulties in recognizing faces, while associative agnosia involves difficulties in recognizing basic visual features. c. Apperceptive agnosia affects the ability to perceive basic visual features, while associative agnosia affects the ability to assign meaning to them. d. There is no difference between apperceptive and associative agnosia. 5. How do Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) relate to object recognition? a. DNNs are the only solution to visual agnosia. b. DNNs are computational models inspired by the human brain's neural networks and have revolutionized object recognition. c. DNNs are used to treat visual agnosia patients. d. DNNs have no relevance to object recognition. 6. What are non-accidental relations, as mentioned in the notes? a. Relations that occur by chance and do not affect object recognition

b. Relations that are unpredictable and irrelevant in object recognition c. Relations that are likely to occur by chance and are critical for object recognition d. Relations that occur without any relation to the parts of an object WEEK 7 (L1): Face Recognition Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives 1. Relate face recognition to other face processing tasks and to object recognition 2. Explain face detection as the first step for face processing 3. Explain facial recognition abilities of babies- regarding Preferential looking paradigm and Discriminating differences 4. Explain facial recognition abilities of adults- including The average image and Caricatures 5. Summarise and interpret key experimental findings concerning face recognition. 6. Outline evidence that face recognition is holistic- supported by the face superiority and composite effects 7. Explain how Face recognition is sensitive changes to viewpoint and lighting, orientation of the image plane, edges, and contrast polarity 8. Explain Prosopagnosia 9. Explain the face inversion effect 10. Explain the face superiority effect 11. Explain the face composite effect M/C 1. What is the relationship between face recognition and object recognition? a. Face recognition is independent of object recognition. b. Both face and object recognition rely on holistic processing. c. Face recognition is exclusively related to holistic processing, while object recognition relies on feature-based processing. d. Face recognition and object recognition are unrelated processes. 2. What is the first step in the complex process of face recognition? a. Facial feature extraction b. Facial expression analysis c. Face detection d. Face matching 3. What does the "face superiority effect" refer to? a. The brain's tendency to prefer caricatures of faces over average faces. b. The enhanced ability to recognize faces compared to other objects or visual stimuli. c. The difficulty in recognizing faces presented in an inverted orientation. d. The phenomenon of integrating features of two different faces when they are presented together. 4. What is the key finding of the "face composite effect"? a. The importance of individual facial features in face recognition.

b. The ability to recognize faces when they are presented upside down. c. The influence of misalignment on face recognition. d. The integration of features of two different faces when they are presented together. 5. Which factor can disrupt face recognition according to the notes? a. Consistent lighting conditions b. The presence of clear facial edges c. Viewpoint changes d. The absence of well-defined contours 6. What is prosopagnosia? a. A cognitive disorder that affects the ability to recognize familiar faces. b. A specialized brain region for face recognition. c. The process of recognizing faces as integrated wholes. d. The inability to perceive facial features. WEEK 7 (L2): Theories of Perception Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives 1. Outline the constructivist theory/approach to perception 2. Outline the direct theory/approach to perception 3. Outline Gibson’s work and theories regarding direct /approach to perception a. Noting affordances and invariants 4. Compare and contrast constructivist and direct theories of perception 5. Outline the information processing approach to perception 6. Outline Marr’s work and theories regarding information /approach to perception 7. Explain what is meant by an illusion 8. How does Gibson’s direct theory approach discredit/ disagree with the concept of illuions 9. Explain the Wollaston’s Gaze Illusion M/C 1. Which theory of perception suggests that perception is an inference process, combining sensory input with prior knowledge and context? a. Direct Theory b. Constructivist Theory c. Information Processing Theory d. Gibson's Theory

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2. According to the direct theory of perception, what is the primary role of higher-level cognition in the process of perception? a. Higher-level cognition plays a significant role in shaping perception. b. Higher-level cognition has minimal influence on perception. c. Higher-level cognition is essential for interpreting sensory input. d. Higher-level cognition is irrelevant in perception. 3. What concept did J.J. Gibson introduce, which refers to opportunities for action that the environment offers to an organism? a. Illusions b. Invariants c. Affordances d. Constructivism 4. In the context of perception, what are invariants? a. Misleading contextual cues b. Stable properties of the environment c. Features that change across different conditions d. Perceptual interpretations 5. What is the primary goal of the information processing approach to perception? a. To emphasize direct and unmediated perception b. To highlight the role of affordances c. To describe the function of perceptual modules d. To study the role of invariants in perception 6. How does Gibson's direct theory approach challenge the concept of illusions? a. It attributes illusions to internal cognitive misinterpretations. b. It suggests that illusions are a result of higher-level cognition. c. It shifts the focus from internal cognitive processes to external factors impacting sensory information. d. It denies the existence of perceptual illusions. COGNITON: WEEK 8 (L1): Introduction to Cognition Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives 1. Define cognitive psychology 2. Outline its history 3. Describe the theory of Structuralism surrounding cognitive psychology 4. Describe the theory of Functionalism surrounding cognitive psychology 5. Describe the theory of Behaviourism surrounding cognitive psychology

o Counter arguments to behaviourism o Chomsky’s Challenge 6. Compare and contrast Behaviourism vs Cognitive Psychology 7. Describe the theory of Information processing surrounding cognitive psychology 8. Describe the Experimental approach to the study of human cognitive psychology 9. Describe the Neuroimaging approach to the study of human cognitive psychology o PET, EEG/ERP, fMRI 10. Describe the Cognitive neuropsychology approach to the study of human cognitive psychology 11. Outline the assumptions of cognitive neuropsychology M/C 1. What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology? a. The study of observable behaviours b. The study of emotional experiences c. The study of mental processes d. The study of neurological disorders 2. Which theory or approach of cognitive psychology emerged in the early 20th century and focused on the analysis of conscious experiences and the basic components of the mind? a. Information Processing b. Functionalism c. Behaviourism d. Structuralism e. 3. Who is known for the theory of functionalism in cognitive psychology and emphasized the practical functions of mental processes? a. Wilhelm Wundt

b. William James c. B.F. Skinner d. Noam Chomsky e. 4. What was a primary critique of behaviourism in cognitive psychology? A a. Behaviourism ignored the role of mental processes in behaviour. b. Behaviourism fully explained the complexities of language acquisition. c. Behaviourism successfully studied internal cognitive states. d. Behaviourism was founded on the principles of functionalism. e. 5. What did Chomsky's Challenge in cognitive psychology primarily critique about behaviourism? a. The effectiveness of behaviourism in explaining operant conditioning b. The importance of observational studies in behaviourism c. Behaviourism’s inability to account for the rapid and creative language development in humans d. The influence of behaviourism on the development of cognitive psychology e. 6. Which approach in cognitive psychology likens the human mind to a computer and emphasizes sequential information processing through stages? a. Structuralism b. Functionalism c. Information Processing d. Behaviourism WEEK 8 (L2): Models Cognition: Information processing and neural networks Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers:

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Objectives 1. Explain the information processing (IP) model of cognition • Representations and Processes 2. Explain the Information processing model of object recognition 3. Outline Neurophysiological evidence of the information processing (IP) model of cognition • Hubel and Wiesel -1962 4. Outline Clinical Evidence of the information processing (IP) model of cognition in relation to: • Visual Agnosia ( notes different types of Agnosia (Apperceptive vs Associative)) • Anomia 5. Explain the neural network (also known as connectionist) model of cognition • Parallel distributed processing - PDP • Localized vs Distributed representation 6. Describe and compare the information processing (IP) and neural network (also known as connectionist) models of cognition 7. Provide an example of an IP and a neural network model of cognition 8. Discuss the advantages and limitations of IP and neural network models M/C 1. What are the two fundamental components of the Information Processing (IP) model of cognition? a. Neurons and Connections b. Input and Output c. Representations and Processes d. Memory and Reasoning 2. According to the Information Processing model, what is the sequence of steps involved in object recognition? a. Sensory Input, Categorization, Feature Integration, Memory Retrieval b. Sensory Input, Feature Integration, Sensory Processing, Response c. Sensory Input, Sensory Processing, Feature Integration, Memory Retrieval d. Sensory Processing, Categorization, Feature Integration, Sensory Input 3. Hubel and Wiesel's research in 1962 provided evidence supporting which model of cognition? a. Neural Network Model b. Behaviourism c. Information Processing Model d. Gestalt Psychology 4. Which type of visual agnosia results from damage to early visual processing areas and affects the perception of basic visual features? a. Apperceptive Agnosia b. Associative Agnosia c. Semantic Agnosia

d. Anomia 5. Anomia, a language-related condition, aligns with which component of the Information Processing (IP) model? a. Representations b. Processes c. Sensory Input d. Memory Retrieval 6. What is a key characteristic of the Neural Network (Connectionist) model of cognition? a. Sequential processing of information b. Reliance on explicit programming c. Distributed representation of concepts d. Interpretable decision-making WEEK 9 (L1) & (L2): Attention 1 +2 Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 10 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives 1. What is attention? o How to define attention, properties of attention o Relationship to consciousness o Selective vs divided attention 2. Describe the different tasks used to measure attentional processes 3. Explain selective attention 4. Explain Selective auditory attention o Dichotic listening task (Cherry, 1953) 5. Explain the Bottleneck models (for Selective auditory attention) o Broadbent’s filter model o Treisman’s Attenuation model o Deutsch & Deutsch late selection model o Johnston & Heinz flexible bottleneck o Position of filter – early vs late o Cocktail party phenomenon 6. Explain Selective visual attention o What is selected? 7. Explain and provide evidence for Space based attention (for Selective visual attention) o Spotlight model o Zoom lens o LaBerge (1983) o Problems for the spotlight model 8. Explain and provide evidence for Object based attention (for Selective visual attention) o Same object advantage o Duncan (1984) o Egly et al (1994)

o fMRI evidence 9. Explain Divided attention o Dual task paradigm o Psychological refractory period (PRP) 10. Explain Dual task interference (for divided attention) o Similarity of stimulus modality o Response similarity o Task difficulty o Automaticity 11. Explain Capacity theories of dual task interference o Central capacity theory o Multiple resource theory M/C 1. What is attention's role in cognitive processing? a. To create sensory perceptions b. To allocate cognitive resources to specific information c. To inhibit consciousness d. To filter out irrelevant stimuli 2. Which of the following describes the relationship between attention and consciousness? a. Attention and consciousness are the same thing. b. Attention is independent of consciousness. c. Attention influences what we are conscious of. d. Consciousness is irrelevant to attention. 3. What is the key distinction between selective and divided attention? a. Selective attention involves conscious awareness, while divided attention is automatic. b. Selective attention focuses on multiple tasks, while divided attention focuses on a single task. c. Selective attention involves focusing on specific information, while divided attention involves multitasking. d. Selective attention is unrelated to cognitive resources, while divided attention allocates resources. 4. In the dichotic listening task (Cherry, 1953), what is the main objective? a. To examine spatial attention b. To assess divided attention c. To investigate selective auditory attention d. To test object-based attention 5. According to Broadbent's filter model, at what stage does selective attention occur? a. Early sensory processing b. After semantic analysis c. During memory retrieval d. In the response selection stage

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6. Which model of selective auditory attention suggests that unattended information is attenuated rather than entirely blocked? a. Broadbent's Filter Model b. Treisman's Attenuation Model c. Deutsch & Deutsch Late Selection Model d. Johnston & Heinz Flexible Bottleneck Model e. 7. What is the "cocktail party phenomenon" related to in the context of selective auditory attention? a. Early selection models b. Late selection models c. Selective filter models d. Selective attenuation 8. In the spotlight model of space-based attention, attention operates as: a. A fixed and unmovable spotlight b. A zoom lens that can focus on a small area c. A transparent, all-encompassing filter d. A scattered and non-linear light pattern 9. What is the "same object advantage" in object-based attention? a. It refers to the enhanced processing of any object in the visual field. b. It describes the disadvantage of focusing on the same object in visual tasks. c. It suggests that attending to one part of an object enhances processing of the whole object. d. It is the disadvantage of processing different objects within the same visual scene. 10. Which theory of dual task interference proposes a single, limited central resource responsible for allocating cognitive resources? a. Central Capacity Theory b. Multiple Resource Theory c. Spotlight Theory d. Object-Based Theory WEEK 10 (L1): Change Detection Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives: 1. Describe how attention can be manipulated o Costs and benefits of attention 2. What are Endogenous (push cues) & Exogenous Cues (pull cues) 3. Consider and discuss what attention is used for (binding problem) 4. Discuss and describe the Feature Integration Theory as it relates to attention and as a solution to the binding problem 5. Discuss and describe the The Visual Search Paradigm as it relates to attention and as a solution to the binding problem

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6. Describe different disorders of visual attention, the evidence for them, and how they relate to theories of attention, specifically; o Unilateral neglect o Balnit’s syndrome M/C 1. What is one of the main challenges when manipulating attention? a. Attention manipulation has no costs or benefits. b. Focusing intensely on one aspect of a scene has no impact on perception. c. Inattentional blindness is a potential consequence of attention manipulation. d. Attention manipulation only affects auditory perception. e. 2. Which of the following is an example of an endogenous cue (push cue)? a. A sudden loud noise b. A colourful and salient visual stimulus c. Deliberately choosing to focus on a specific task d. An unexpected visual flash e. 3. In the context of the binding problem, what role does attention play? a. Attention causes the binding problem by fragmenting sensory inputs. b. Attention is irrelevant to the binding problem. c. Attention solves the binding problem by selecting and integrating relevant sensory information. d. Attention is a consequence of the binding problem. 4. How does the Feature Integration Theory address the binding problem? a. It suggests that the binding problem is unsolvable. b. It explains that the binding problem occurs in the pre-attentive stage. c. It describes how attention in the focused attention stage integrates pre-attentively processed features.

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d. It argues that the binding problem is not related to attention. e. 5. What is the primary goal of the Visual Search Paradigm? a. To study inattentional blindness b. To examine the limitations of sensory processing c. To investigate how attention operates in the context of searching for specific targets d. To explore the role of automatic attention in visual perception e. 6. How do disorders of visual attention, like Unilateral Neglect and Balint's Syndrome, relate to theories of attention? a. These disorders do not provide any insights into theories of attention. b. Unilateral Neglect highlights the importance of the left parietal lobe in attention. c. Balint's Syndrome suggests that there is no interplay between different components of attention. d. These disorders underscore the role of specific brain regions in attention and spatial awareness. WEEK 10 (L2): Visual Attention Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives: 1. Define change blindness and detection 2. Describe and compare different explanations of change blindness, specifically; o Feature combination o Overwriting o Nothing is compared o World as an external store 3. Discuss what change detection research can tell us about visual attention, specifically; o Gist o Change blindness as a failure of attention o Attention is necessary but not sufficient for successful change detection o Hollingworth & Henderson (2002) 4. Explain the tasks used to examine change blindness o Flicker

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o Mud splashes o Real world M/C 1. What is change blindness? a. The ability to quickly identify changes in a visual scene b. The phenomenon where individuals fail to detect significant changes in a visual scene c. The automatic detection of subtle changes in the environment d. The process of comparing two similar visual scenes 2. According to the "Feature Combination" explanation of change blindness, why do people often miss changes? a. Changes are not noticeable because they overwrite existing information. b. Changes occur too rapidly to be detected. c. The visual system processes individual features independently and may not integrate them. d. People cannot remember the details of a scene. 3. Which explanation of change blindness suggests that the brain replaces the old representation with the new one, making it challenging to compare the two? a. Feature Combination b. Overwriting c. Nothing is Compared d. World as an External Store 4. In the context of change detection research, what is "gist"? a. A rapid extraction of essential features in a visual scene b. A detailed examination of every visual element c. A form of memory that retains the original scene d. A visual distortion that hinders change detection 5. Why is attention considered necessary but not always sufficient for successful change detection? a. Attention can detect all types of changes. b. Attention is the only factor influencing change detection. c. Various factors, such as the magnitude of change and cognitive load, can also impact change detection. d. Change detection is entirely independent of attention. 6. What did the research conducted by Hollingworth and Henderson (2002) contribute to our understanding of visual attention and change detection? a. They demonstrated the existence of a visual long-term memory. b. They proved that change detection is solely dependent on attention. c. They showed that changes in a scene are never detected if attention is diverted. d. They provided evidence for the role of memory and attention in change detection.

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WEEK 11 (L1): Structure of Memory 1 Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives: 1. Define and describe primary and secondary memory 2. State evidence for and against separate memory stores 3. Explain what multiple store model of memory is 4. Explain what unitary views of memory is 5. Compare and contrast multiple store and unitary views of memory 6. Explain encoding memories o Craik and Lockhart o Dual Coding - Allan Paivio 1971 7. Explain The Processing Perspective: Levels of Processing Framework o Maintenance versus elaborative rehearsal 8. Differentiate between storage-based and levels of processing views of memory M/C 1. What is the primary function of primary memory (working memory)? a. Long-term storage of information b. Rapid encoding of sensory input c. Temporary storage and manipulation of information d. Retrieval of personal experiences e. 2. Which evidence supports the idea of separate memory stores (primary and secondary memory)? a. Brain lesions that show damage to primary memory also affect secondary memory. b. Working memory (primary memory) is highly interconnected with long-term memory (secondary memory). c. Information flows directly from sensory memory to long-term memory.

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d. Rehearsing information in primary memory leads to permanent storage in secondary memory. e. 3. What is the primary premise of the multiple store model of memory? a. Memory is a single, interconnected system. b. Information flows directly from sensory memory to long-term memory. c. Memory is composed of different stores with varying capacities and durations. d. Memory is solely dependent on the depth of cognitive processing. e. 4. Unitary views of memory propose that: a. Memory is composed of distinct and separate stores. b. Memory functions as a single, interconnected system. c. Information is passively stored in memory. d. Elaborative rehearsal is the primary encoding mechanism. e. 5. Which memory encoding theory emphasizes the role of processing depth in memory retention? a. Craik and Lockhart's Levels of Processing Theory b. Dual Coding Theory c. Maintenance Rehearsal Theory d. Multiple Store Encoding Theory e. 6. What is elaborative rehearsal, as described in the Levels of Processing Framework? a. Shallow repetition of information b. Temporary storage of sensory input c. Thinking deeply about the meaning and relevance of information d. Transfer of information from sensory memory to long-term memory

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WEEK 11 (L2): Structure of Memory 2 Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives: 1. Explain the structure of working memory o Phonological loop o Visuispatial sketchpad o Central executive o Episodic buffer 2. Relate research evidence to Working Memory components 3. Explain the structure of LTM o Declarative vs procedural o Semantic vs episodic 4. Identify and give examples of the various types of long term memory 5. Consider the implications of neuroimaging findings for the conceptualisation of long term memory M/C 1. What is the primary function of the phonological loop in working memory? a. Temporary storage and manipulation of visual information b. Maintenance of declarative memory c. Temporary storage and manipulation of auditory and verbal information d. Coordination of complex cognitive tasks 2. Which working memory component serves as the control centre and is responsible for decision- making and task switching? a. Phonological Loop b. Visuospatial Sketchpad c. Central Executive d. Episodic Buffer 3. Research by Baddeley and Hitch (1974) demonstrated the independence of the phonological loop from unrelated tasks by: a. Showing that visual and spatial information could interfere with phonological tasks. b. Highlighting the importance of the central executive in auditory tasks. c. Revealing that phonological tasks had no impact on spatial tasks.

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d. Demonstrating interference between phonological and unrelated tasks. 4. What type of memory includes personal experiences and the recollection of specific life events? a. Procedural Memory b. Semantic Memory c. Episodic Memory d. Declarative Memory 5. Which type of long-term memory involves unconscious influences on recognizing or processing information based on prior exposure? a. Procedural Memory b. Priming c. Semantic Memory d. Episodic Memory 6. What does neuroimaging research consistently highlight regarding the role of the hippocampus in long-term memory? a. The hippocampus is primarily responsible for procedural memory. b. The hippocampus plays a central role in the consolidation and retrieval of declarative memories. c. The hippocampus is crucial for implicit forms of memory. d. The hippocampus is primarily involved in encoding short-term memories. WEEK 12 (L1): Autobiographical Memory (Everyday Memories) Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives: 1. Evaluate methods of everyday memory (EM) research in light of the tension between ecological validity and control of variabilities 2. Describe theoretical accounts of Everyday memory phenomena 3. Identify the components of autobiographical memory in terms of the Galton cueing technique and Conway’s self memory system 4. Explain The Reminiscence Bump o Life Script Theory Versus The Narrative Identity Account 5. State differences between autobiographical memory functioning in depressed and normal functioning individuals and offer an explanations why this is the case 6. Describe Childhood Amnesia and the theories behind it: o Neurogenic hypothesis - Josselyn and Frankland 2013 o Social-cultural developmental theory - Fivush 2010

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o Cognitive self theory - Howe and Courage 1997 o Two stage theory - Jack and Hayne 2010 M/C 1. What does ecological validity refer to in everyday memory research? a. The ability to control variabilities in research methods b. The extent to which research methods reflect real-world memory processes c. The use of laboratory experiments for memory research d. The generalization of research findings to controlled environments 2. Which theoretical account of everyday memory phenomena emphasizes the role of schemas in processing and interpreting new information? a. Encoding Specificity Principle b. Levels of Processing Theory c. Schema Theory d. Connectionist Models 3. The Galton cueing technique is used to: a. Examine the effects of encoding specificity on memory recall b. Trigger the recall of autobiographical memories by presenting specific cues c. Assess the impact of over general memory in depression d. Study the neurogenic hypothesis of childhood amnesia 4. The Reminiscence Bump is characterized by an increased recall of memories from which life stage? a. Childhood b. Early adulthood c. Middle age d. Late adulthood 5. Which theory attributes the recall bias in depression to cognitive processes like rumination and the activation of negative schemas? a. Neurogenic Hypothesis b. Social-Cultural Developmental Theory c. Cognitive Self Theory d. Two-Stage Theory 6. According to the two-stage theory of childhood amnesia, what is the primary reason why early memories become less accessible in adulthood? a. Rapid neurogenesis in early childhood b. Underdevelopment of self-concept in early childhood c. Shifts in retrieval cues and cognitive development d. Lack of language and social interactions in early childhood

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WEEK 12 (L2): Language (Speech Comprehension and Production) Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives 1. Define language and its components 2. Explain the McGurk Effect 3. Identify bottom up and/or top down components in speech perception o Phoneme categorisation o Word recognition o Word boundary identification o Mapping to syntax and semantics 4. Name and explain the stages of speech production 5. Describe models that explain how speech is produced 6. Explain Slips of the Tongue M/C 1. What is the role of pragmatics in language? a. The study of sounds that make up a language b. The study of meaning in language c. The use of language in context, considering social and cultural factors d. The study of word structures 2. The McGurk Effect is a perceptual phenomenon that results from: a. Conflicts between auditory and visual information in speech b. A mismatch between linguistic encoding and phonological encoding c. Errors in speech production stages d. The interaction of semantics and syntax 3. In speech perception, which of the following is primarily a bottom-up component? a. Phoneme categorization b. Word recognition c. Mapping to syntax and semantics d. Top-down processing 4. Which stage of speech production involves planning the motor movements for articulating speech sounds?

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a. Linguistic encoding b. Phonological encoding c. Conceptualization d. Articulation 5. The Levelt Model of speech production includes which of the following stages? a. Conceptualization, formulation, articulation, self-monitoring b. Phonological encoding, motor programming, articulation c. Linguistic encoding, syntax mapping, semantics production d. Lexical retrieval, phonemic selection, motor execution 6. Which type of speech error involves the substitution of one word with another with a related or similar meaning? a. Phonemic exchange b. Semantic exchange c. Blends d. Spoonerisms WEEK 13 (L1): Cognitive Biases and Reasoning Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives: 1. Define judgement, decision making, and reasoning 2. Identify the following different cognitive biases: o The availability heuristic o Representativeness heuristic o Anchoring and adjustment heuristic o Confirmation bias 3. Name and describe models that attempt to explain our decision making and judgement processes: o Kahneman and Tversky – system 1 and system 2 Dual Process Theory o De Neys’ Logical Intuition Model M/C 1. What is the process of forming an opinion, belief, or assessment about a particular situation based on available information? a. Decision making b. Reasoning c. Judgment

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d. Cognitive bias 2. The Availability Heuristic is a cognitive bias in which people: a. A. Make decisions based on an initial anchor and adjustment b. Rely on similarity to a prototype for judgment c. Estimate the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory d. Seek out information that confirms their pre-existing beliefs 3. Confirmation bias is best described as: a. Making decisions based on prototypes and similarity b. Adjusting judgments from an initial anchor c. Seeking out information that confirms pre-existing beliefs d. Making intuitive decisions using System 2 thinking 4. Which model of decision making and judgment explains the interaction between logical reasoning and intuition and proposes that biases are by-products of cognitive mechanisms evolved to serve reasoning and argumentation? a. Dual Process Theory b. Kahneman and Tversky Model c. Logical Intuition Model d. Anchoring and Adjustment Model 5. According to Kahneman and Tversky's Dual Process Theory, System 1 thinking is characterized by: a. Slow, deliberate, and rational reasoning b. Fast, automatic, and intuitive judgments c. Reflective and effortful decision making d. Logical and analytical processing 6. In the Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic, what does the "anchor" refer to? a. A cognitive bias that influences judgment b. The initial piece of information that influences decision making c. The adjustment of information to fit pre-existing beliefs d. A prototype used for similarity-based reasoning WEEK 13 (L2): Music Covering the learning objectives and the notes below, create 6 multiple choice questions, providing answers: Objectives: 1. Understand sound waves and how they’ve turned into neural signals 2. Identify different aspects of music processing: o Relative pitch

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o Musical expectancies o Melodic contour o Dynamic attending 3. Explain Consonance and Dissonance in relation to music 4. Explain Schematic Versus Vertical Expectations 5. Explain the study of Tillman et al 2006 6. Name and describe the components of the ITPRA model M/C 1. What is the process by which sound waves are transformed into neural signals for auditory perception? a. Auditory encoding b. Sound translation c. Auditory transduction d. Auditory transformation 2. Relative pitch is the ability to: a. Recognize patterns in music b. Discern the emotional content of music c. Perceive and recognize the relationship between different musical notes d. Comprehend the lyrics of a song 3. Consonant intervals in music are characterized by: a. Stability and harmony b. Lack of resolution and tension c. Complex ratios between tones d. Unpleasant and jarring sounds 4. What do schematic expectations in music relate to? a. The broader context and structure of a musical piece b. Specific moments within a piece of music c. The emotional impact of music d. Musical intensity and loudness 5. The study of Tillman et al. (2006) used which imaging technique to examine brain activity during music listening? a. X-ray imaging b. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) c. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan d. EEG (Electroencephalogram) 6. What does the "I" stand for in the ITPRA model of music processing? a. Intensity b. Intention

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c. Interaction d. Integration

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PSYC236- Multiple Choice Examples

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