arguementative research paper

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Feb 20, 2024

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11/17/2018 Professor Koski FYW 1000C Adam McGowan Argumentative research paper As the brain deteriorates, the most common causes of this being age, brain damage, and Alzheimer's disease ( progressive mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of the brain. It is the most common cause of premature senility) , which causes memory loss, weakening the synapses in the brain. Without proper treatment the aging brain has a difficult time controlling the various part of the body. The brain begins to create fewer neurons, sending less impulses, significantly slowing down the various parts of the brain such as the prefrontal cortex, visual cortex, and the frontal cortex, causing neural plasticity through the use of BDNF occur. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein found all throughout the body, with high concentrations found in the spine, brain and lower leg muscles ( Gomez-Pinilla, F.) . BDNF is a mechanism type protein found in the brain and spinal cord. BDNF can be used to assess changes in the brain. The rate of BDNF production can be increased by, cognition training, and various exercises that affect the brain, and physical exercise.

Because of these devices, many researchers believe that exercise can influence Alzheimer’s disease positively. Based off of this claim, the opinion of this paper has leaned on exercise positively affecting Alzheimer’s patients due to research done on three main objectives; how exercise affects the brain directly, how exercise affects brain devices such as Neural plasticity and the BDNF protein, and how exercise affects memory, seeing as Alzheimer’s main symptoms is memory loss, and cognitive disfunction. Research done shows that when exercise is done, there is a spike of neural activity in the brain, and an increase of growth and development of neurons and synapses ( Adlard, P. A., & Cotman). The research also shows that exercise increases BDNF levels, and the BDNF increases the length of synapses and strengthens neurons. Research done on the effect of BDNF on Alzheimer’s disease shows that BDNF releases inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This inhibitor is crucial for treating Alzheimer’s disease (Leyhe, Stransky, Eschweiler, Buchkremer, & Laske, 2007). Research was also done to observe the effect of BDNF in schizophrenia patients. The research showed that the elevation of BDNF levels in the body decreased the pathogenesis of schizophrenia ( Vinogradov, S., Fisher, M., Holland, C., Shelly, W). With knowledge, scientists have concluded that using exercise to enhance BDNF, neural plasticity, and hippocampal neurogenesis, will positively affect the brain, and can drastically improve brain health. The question being tried to resolve is whether different types of exercise such as cardiovascular exercise can have a different effect on BDNF levels than endurance exercise. Based on this data, it can be determined that in certain cases, exercise has influenced Alzheimer’s disease. The study shows that exercise has a positive influence on BDNF levels, and therefore, the brain can benefit from exercise Just one study is not enough to cement a singular claim of exercise being beneficial for brain devices. Therefore, another study done in 2008 was to research the effect that exercise had

on BDNF, and if it can promote brain activity in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Their data showed the BDNF levels in rats that exercise, by about 50% (Buchkremer, & Laske, 2007). A similar study done to demonstrate that voluntary exercise improves learning and neurogenesis in aged mice found slightly similar results (Buchkremer, & Laske, 2007). This study took multiple groups of mice, including two control groups of mice in order to test as the title states, the benefits of exercise on learning and neurogenesis. The study showed that the young running group of mice took the shortest time to complete the maze and the fastest running time for the wheel compared to the other groups including the young control group. (Buchkremer, & Laske, 2007) This means that according to how the data was analyzed, the exercise increased the levels of BDNF. The data also showed that the young running group had the most enhancement of neurogenesis in comparison to the old running group by their speed of completing the wheel and the maze. This shows that exercise is an excellent enhancer for neurogenesis. Neurogenesis deals directly with memory and brain function, therefore, exercise has a positive effect on Brain functions and memory as well. A similar study done to demonstrate that voluntary exercise improves learning and neurogenesis, (a key factor in this argument) in aged mice found slightly similar results (Buchkremer, & Laske, 2007). This study took multiple groups of mice, including two control groups of mice in order to test as the title states, the benefits of exercise on learning and neurogenesis. The study showed that the young running group of mice took the shortest time to complete the maze and the fastest running time for the wheel compared to the other groups including the young control group. (Buchkremer, & Laske, 2007) This means that according to how the data was analyzed, the exercise increased the levels of BDNF. The data also showed that the young running group had the most enhancement of neurogenesis in comparison to the old

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running group by their speed of completing the wheel and the maze. This shows that exercise is an excellent enhancer for neurogenesis. In the regard of the brain, a study was done in which the researchers used MRIs of the specific part of the brain before and after exercise, and a control group ( Adlard, P. A., & Cotman) . A show the hippocampus, specifically BDNF in the hippocampus after exercise, while B shows the hippocampus and BDNF in the brain before exercise. The researchers used 16 male rats and conditioned them through the use of a voluntary running wheel (cardiovascular exercise) for seven days. Figure A had a darker shade of red and orange in the hippocampus than B, meaning that there was a higher concentration of BDNF in that section of the hippocampus. The data from this study shows that cardiovascular exercise can increase BDNF levels in the brain. The researchers concluded that exercise has a positive effect on BDNF levels in the hippocampus. The data showed the anterior area of the hippocampus was affected, while the posterior area was unaffected. It is unknown why the posterior region was unaffected and how to manipulate that region. Based on that research, researchers concluded that exercise had a positive effect on certain areas of the brain, but not the brain as a whole, meaning that more research is needed to be done on the topic. Although the evidence supporting exercise as an effective buffer and eventual cure for brain problems, and an effective collaborator for brain mechanisms such as neural plasticity and BDNF, there are studies that claim exercise has no effect over BDNF or has a negative effect on the body. A study done to determine if the brain levels in neurogenesis can change due to exercise tested the hypothesis that brain proteins that are affected by neurogenesis can benefit from physical exercise. The study scanned the parts of the brain where the proteins are most

commonly found, such as the anterior section of the brain and the hippocampus for improvements on memory, learning and an increase of the brain proteins the researchers were looking for. The research was not what they wanted however, as they found that the exercise did not affect the anterior part of the brain, and there was very little activity in the hippocampus, going completely against what the researchers believed would happen. They concluded their study by reporting that for some reason, the exercise did not affect the brain, at least not in the way the researchers wanted it to. They came to the conclusion that whole exercise has seen to be effective in the usual way. While there is loads of data that support the claim that exercise can affect the brain, its functions, and Alzheimer’s, there are just as many studies that claim the opposite. A study done to observe the effects exercise on the brain synapses of rats, showed very little changes from a control group, and a group of rats that did actual exercise. The conclusion that can be drawn exercise does in fact benefit, due to the magnitude of studies that show exercise aiding brain health, neural plasticity. Based on this knowledge, we can conclude the original hypothesis that exercise increases BDNF levels, and the BDNF increases the length of synapses and strengthens neurons.

Work cited page Insulin-like Growth Factor i: Topics by Science.gov , www.science.gov/topicpages/i/insulin-like growth factor i.html. This site was used to determine the effects of exercise on the rat brain in terms of the hippocampus “Exercise: a Behavioral Intervention to Enhance Brain Health and Plasticity.” Trends in Neurosciences , Elsevier Current Trends, 19 June 2002, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0166223602021434. This study was used to find the correlation between exercise and brain health High Plasticity of New Granule Cells in the Aging Hippocampus . www.cell.com/cell-reports/pdf/S2211-1247(17)31354-2.pdf. This paper was used to discuss the hippocampus, the problem with it, and how exercise can help Kimhy, David, et al. “The Impact of Aerobic Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Neurocognition in Individuals with Schizophrenia: A Single-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial.” Schizophrenia Bulletin , Oxford University Press, 8 Oct. 2015, einstein.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-impact-of-aerobic-exercise-on-brain-derived- neurotrophic-fact-2. This paper was used to determine whether exercise was actually beneficial to brain health

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Modulating Exercise-Induced Hormesis: Does Less Equal More ... www.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/japplphysiol.01055.2014. This research was used to discuss the effects of physical exercise and how it helps protein growth in the brain Physical Activity and Mental Health - DocShare.tips . docshare.tips/physical-activity-and-mental- health_58b0d4f2b6d87fde908b60a9.html. This study highlighted research don on the effects of exercise on the hippocampus, and how that exercise can aid the brain in repairing a damaged hippocampus. “Training Aging (1).” Scribd , Scribd, es.scribd.com/document/255782301/Training-Aging-1. This site was used to describe the effects of exercise and what exactly Neural plasticity is

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