LifespanDevTest3

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Feb 20, 2024

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PSY 2020 Lifespan Development UNIT TEST 3 Chapters 5 & 6 Name ______Christal Carstarphen_________________________ Date 11/08/2022__________________ Instructions : There is one (1) section to this exam- Short-Answer Essay . Please read each question carefully as well as the instructions. Good Luck. Short-Answer Essays. Please respond to the following essay questions in short-answer format by typing in your response in a c o l o r you choose, other than black. You are required to answer 25 of the 31 questions. Each question is worth 1 point. (Total points = 25) You are required to answer 13 of the 16 questions 1. What are the key characteristics of physical growth and nutrition during early childhood? During this stage of life, children grow about 3 inches in height and 4-5 pounds yearly. During this stage children begin to lose “baby fat” and their body proportions begin to resemble that of adults. Adequate nutrition is imperative for children to reach these growth milestones. 2. What are the nutrition concerns during early childhood? One concern during this time is childhood obesity. According to the CDC 1 in 5 children during this stage are overweight or obese. Caregivers have to set feeding habits and taste preferences for their children. It is important to get them accustomed to a diverse, healthy diet as opposed to a high calorie diet with low nutritional value 3. How does the brain change during early childhood? By the age of to the brain is about 75% of its adult size, that increased to 95% by age 6/7. During this stage the brain goes through myelination and synaptic pruning, increasing the speed and complexity of the neural processes. Development of the prefrontal cortex during this stage helps children to better control emotions and impulses. 4. What are some examples of gross and fine motor skill development in early childhood? Some examples of gross motor skills include: kicking a ball without losing balance, riding with better coordination, and overall improved balance. Some examples of fine motor skills include: the ability to turn 1

PSY 2020 Lifespan Development a knob or a page off a book, and the ability to put on simple clothing without assistance 5. What characterizes Piaget’s preoperational stage of development? 6. What are some limitations in early childhood thinking, including animism, egocentrism, and conservation errors? Egocentrism is the tendency of young children to think that everyone sees things in the same way as they do. Animism is the belief that inanimate objects are capable of actions and emotions with lifelike qualities. Artificialism is the belief that environmental characteristics can be attributed to human actions or interventions. Conservation is the awareness that altering a substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties. At this stage children do not have a concept of conservation and instead exhibit centration. Centration is the act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation while disregarding all others. 7. What is the theory of mind? The theory of the mind states that the mind holds a persons beliefs, desires, emotions and intentions. This refers to one’s capacity to understand others. 8. What happens in language development and what is the importance of language in early childhood? The process of fast mapping quickly grows a child’s vocabulary during early childhood. The vocabulary grows from about 200 words at age 2, to over 10,000 at age 6. Words are learned easily by making connections to previously learned words and concepts. 9. What is included in Vygotsky’s model, including the zone of proximal development Vygotsky argued that cognitive development is facilitated by social interactions with adults and more advanced peers. Without this a child would be unable to advance past their own personal discoveries. The zone of proximity occurs when we children are given the proper assistance to complete a task that they are nearly able to complete alone. 10. How does self-concept develop? As we grow cognitively and socially e we develop a sense of self, a self concept. Self concept can be described as idea of who we are, what we are capable of doing, and how we think and feel. An important part of 2

PSY 2020 Lifespan Development self concept is how we are seen to others, and how they respond to us. Because of that social interaction is critical to developing our self concept. 11. What are the key criteria of Freud’s psychodynamic theory as it applies to early childhood? 12. How does Erikson’s psychosocial theory apply to early childhood? 13. What does gender identity development look like in early childhood? By around the age of two children are aware of gender and begin categorizing objects and activities based on their perceived gender identity. By the age of 4-5 children are entrenched in what is considered gender appropriate culturally. This shapes interests, behaviors, expectations etc. This is called a rigid period of gender identity, as children during this stage are unable to think about gender abstractly . 14. How does different parenting styles impact children’s development Authoritative: appropriately strict, reasonable and affectionate. Often created well rounded, well adjusted children. Authoritarian: unreasonable expectations, distant, aloof. Rather than respect their parents their children often fear them. Lack of discussion and negotiation leads children to take out frustration on more vulnerable targets. Permissive: friend rather than authoritative figure, little structure, autonomy. These children may lack self discipline and boundaries creating insecurities. Uninvolved: disengaged, non- responsive. These children may struggle in school and with making relationships with their peers 15. How do principles of operant conditioning apply to parenting and behavior modification? Parents often use operant conditioning to modify their children’s behavior. The goal of positive reinforcement is to increase the likelihood of this desires behavior in the future. For example rewarding children praise and positive word for completing chores. It is important that whatever the reward does doesn’t undermine the intrinsic motivation for the desired behavior. Negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment are also tools in operant conditioning to modify behavior, however positive reinforcement is the most effective. 16. What are some of the concerns about childhood stress and trauma? While normal stress can be positive for the development of coping skills, excessive or prolonged stress can be harmful. Stress can have negative neurobiological effects when cortisol levels exceed normal 3

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PSY 2020 Lifespan Development ranges. This can lead to the development of physical, emotional and social issues, such as cardiovascular problems, skin conditions, depression, violent tendencies, and behavioral ticks to name a few. You are required to answer 12 of the 15 questions 1. What occurs with physical growth during middle childhood? During middle childhood growth tends to slow, children begin to slim down, gain muscle, and increase lung capacity. During this time we also see an increase in both gross and fine motor skills 2. What are the health risks in school-aged children? A primary health risk for school aged children is childhood obesity. About 20% of American school age children are considered overweight or obese a number that has grown steadily since the 1960s. Not only does it have negative physical health consequences but socially being overweight can lead to ridicule from peers, damaging self image. 3. What are the key characteristics of Piaget’s concrete operational intelligence? 4. What are the key areas in the information processing theory of memory? The key areas of the information processing theory is sensory memory, working memory and long term memory. 5. How does language develop in middle childhood? During middle childhood as children grow cognitively they begin to view language less literally and more abstractly. During this stage the vocabulary grows and sophisticates. During this time they also gain a better understanding of grammar rules. 6. How does labeling impact children’s self-concept and social relationships in middle childhood? Labeling can effect the perception of that child to teachers and family. This can impact a child’s self image and lead to a loss of confidence and a self-fulfilling prophecy, as they begin to act accordingly. 7. What are the symptoms and understanding of autism spectrum disorders? Some symptoms of autism syndrome disorder are difficulties in social interactions, problems in various areas of communication, and difficulty with altering patterns or daily routines 8. What are the key characteristics of common learning disabilities such as dyslexia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? Dyslexia is a neurological disorder that is characterized by a number reading difficulties. ADHD is a neurological and behavioral disorder that 4

PSY 2020 Lifespan Development causes difficulties with concentration, staying on task and behavioral outbursts. 9. What are the similarities and differences between Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences and Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence? 10. How does the ecological systems model apply to children’s experiences in schools? The ecological systems model explains the influence of the environment and the characteristics of the child on overall development. It is important to observe children in multiple settings, because all of these environments affect the child’s growth and development. Schools are considered “mesosystems” larger organizational structures. The ecosystem of the school can have a large impact on a child’s self image and growth. Effecting them physically, emotionally and cognitively. 11. How does Erikson’s stage of industry vs. inferiority relate to middle childhood? During middle childhood children are industrious or “busy”. Constantly on the move, constantly learning. Children who are encouraged and see themselves as successful they will feel well equipped to take on future challenges. On the reverse if the child does not see themselves in this way they will begin to feel a sense of inferiority and possibly develop an inferiority complex. 12. What is the importance of peer relationships to middle childhood? Peer relationships help children develop social skills and learn how to better communicate with one another. 13. What are the key characteristics in Kohlberg’s theory on preconventional, conventional, and postconventional moral development? 14. What are the short term-and long term consequences of divorce on children? All though for years the assumption was that divorce had substantial long lasting negative effects on children, research has shown that that is not the case in most instances. In the short term some consequences include: grief/mourning over the loss, reduced standard of living and adjusting to transitions. Some long term effects include economic stress, anxiety in romantic relationships and in some cases mental health issued 15. What are the significant issues regarding sexual abuse and children? Sexual abuse in children can create feelings of guilt, shame and betrayal. This can lead to depression, anxiety, difficulties with intimacy and relationships and even suicide. 5

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