Causes of Schizophrenia (1)

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Running head: ASSIGNMENT 2 1 Causes of Schizophrenia, Preventions of Violence and Stigma and Discrimination NSG-3202 November 23, 2019 Dr. Sealy Causes of Schizophrenia, Preventions of Violence and Stigma and Discrimination

ASSIGNMENT 2 2 Schizophrenia is described as a chronic mental disorder. It has the ability to affect the way someone feels, thinks, and acts. The cause of schizophrenia is mostly unknown but may involve both genetic and environmental influences. For example, schizophrenia can run in the family however this does not necessarily mean someone will develop the disorder. It's more likely that different combinations of genes make people more vulnerable to the condition (“Schizophrenia”, 2019). Another cause could involve environmental influences. For example, if you were exposed to certain viral infections before you were born, research suggests that your chances may go up (“What Causes Schizophrenia ” , 2018). However, both of these are only theories since the actual cause of schizophrenia is still unknown. The symptoms of schizophrenia are separated into positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. Positive symptoms are behaviours not usually seen by a healthy individual (“Schizophrenia”, 2016). This can include; hallucinations, delusions, unusual thoughts, and unusual body movements. Negative symptoms are disturbances to normal behaviours and emotions (“Schizophrenia ” , 2016). This can include; reduced speaking, reduced activities, reduced feelings, and reduced expressions. Cognitive symptoms may not show for everyone and may be severe for others (Schizophrenia”, 2016). This can include; poor functioning, poor attention, and poor memory. Some antipsychotics that may be used to treat schizophrenia include Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol. These drugs work on chemicals in the brain such as dopamine and serotonin (webmd, 2019). Chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic medication that is used to treat mental disorders such as schizophrenia. It is described as a medication that; allows someone to think clearly, decreases nerves, reduces aggression, reduces hallucinations, and allows someone to take part in everyday life (“Chlorpromazine HCL”, 2019). The side effects of this medication include;

ASSIGNMENT 2 3 dizziness, lightheadedness, dry mouth, blurred vision, nausea, constipation, weight gain, and trouble sleeping (“Chlorpromazine HCL”, 2019). Haloperidol is another antipsychotic medication that is used to treat mental disorders such as schizophrenia. This medication is considered a long-term treatment. It is described as a medication that; allows someone to think clearly, reduces aggression, reduces nerves, prevents suicide, and allows someone to take part in everyday life (“Haloperidol Decanoate Vial ” , 2019). The side effects of this medication include; dizziness, lightheadedness, difficulty urinating, trouble sleeping, anxiety, and possibly pain at the injection site (“Haloperidol Decanoate Vial ” , 2019). One method of rehabilitation for someone with schizophrenia includes therapy. Therapy can help you improve coping and life skills, manage stress, address relationship issues, and improve communication (Smith, M., Robinson, L., & Segal, J, 2019). Another method of rehabilitation for someone with schizophrenia includes self-help. Self-help can include any of the following; exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, seeking social support, managing stress, avoiding alcohol or drugs, eating a well-balanced diet. The more you do to help yourself, the less hopeless and helpless you’ll feel, and the more likely your doctor will be able to reduce your medication (Smith, M., Robinson, L., & Segal, J, 2019). A way to assess the risk of violence or being harmed can include; knowing if the person is receiving proper treatment, if they have a history of being violent, have misused drugs or alcohol, are triggered by a stressor, or if they are experiencing psychotic symptoms for the first time (“Mental Health Care: Seclusion and Restraint”, n.d.). People living with schizophrenia are more likely to express their aggression, agitation or frustration towards themselves, or to family and friends – rarely to strangers (“Mental Health Care: Seclusion and Restraint”, n.d.). A way to help with this would be to remain calm and allow the person to have space to themselves.

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ASSIGNMENT 2 4 Restraint and seclusion are behavioural management interventions that should be used as a last resort to control a behavioural emergency (“Mental Health Care: Seclusion and Restraint ” , 2017). Stigma is defined as a negative attitude, based on prejudice and misinformation, that is triggered by a marker of illness (“Stigma and Discrimination Experienced”, 2016). This can be an everyday occurrence for someone who has a mental disorder. Often people will define someone else by their mental disorder and make false accusations based off of this. Discrimination is defined as unfair treatment due to a person’s identity, which includes race, ancestry, place of origin, colour, ethnic origin, citizenship, creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, age, marital status, family status or disability, including mental disorder (“Stigma and Discrimination”, n.d.). This can cause someone to treat a person with a mental disorder differently just because of the fact they have a mental disorder. Stigma and discrimination can often stop someone from getting the proper help they need for their mental disorder. A way to prevent this from happening is to reduce stigma and discrimination. One way to reduce stigma and discrimination is to talk openly about mental health. By discussing mental health, it can provide people with information they may have not been aware of and educate them. This can avoid any discrimination from occurring. Another way to reduce stigma is to avoid using labels. By using labels, it gives people the wrong idea about mental disorders and stops people from taking them seriously. A third way to reduce stigma and discrimination is supporting and promoting mental health services and campaigns. This can help by allowing people to see the services that are available for mental disorders. Lastly, a way to prevent stigma and discrimination is by accepting those who have mental disorders. By accepting

ASSIGNMENT 2 5 those who do then this may encourage others to do the same and those who have mental disorders may accept themselves.

ASSIGNMENT 2 6 References Chlorpromazine HCL. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-1444/chlorpromazine-oral/details. Haloperidol Decanoate Vial. (2019). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug- 6092/haloperidol-decanoate-intramuscular/details. Mental Health Care: Seclusion and Restraint. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.patientsafetyinstitute.ca/en/education/PatientSafetyEducationProgram/ PatientSafetyEducationCurriculum/MentalHealthModules/Pages/Mental-Health-Care- Seclusion-and-Restraint.aspx. Mental illness and violence. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/ConditionsAndTreatments/mental-illness-and- violence. Schizophrenia. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml. Schizophrenia . (2019). Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/schizophrenia/causes/. Smith, M., Robinson, L., & Segal, J. (2019). Schizophrenia Symptoms and Coping Tips . Retrieved from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/mental-disorders/schizophrenia-signs- and-symptoms.htm. Stigma and Discrimination. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://ontario.cmha.ca/documents/stigma- and-discrimination/. What Causes Schizophrenia? (2018). Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/what-causes-schizophrenia#1.

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ASSIGNMENT 2 7 Ye, J., Chen, T. F., Paul, D., McCahon, R., Shankar, S., Rosen, A., & O'Reilly, C. (2016). Stigma and Discrimination Experienced by People Living with Severe and Persistent Mental Illness in Assertive Community Treatment Settings , 532. doi: 10.1177/0020764016651459

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