PSYC 512 Content Summary Fundamentals of Groups

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Feb 20, 2024

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FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUPS 1 Content Summary: Fundamentals of Groups Chris Webb Department of Behavioral Sciences, Liberty University PSYC 512: Social Psychology Dr. Tracy Gomez April 23, 2023

FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUPS 2 Introduction The process of how an individual interacts with a group has been a topic that has attracted research within social psychology. In chapter 7 of Kassin et al. (2021), they discuss how social influences affect an individual automatically. They continued the conversation about groups in Chapter 8, which discussed group processes. A research study by Hawley et al. (2014) sought to determine how the black sheep effect affected the relationship between college athletes and non- athletes. Two hundred seventy-four participants were given a unique combination of 4 experimental scenarios. The participants were broken down into 174 non-athletes and 71 athletes. Rees and Wallace (2014) took a deeper look at the topic of conformity when they researched how a sober individual is influenced when surrounded by high levels of alcohol. The study's sample size consisted of 13,451 students between 7th and 12th grade. Summary Points Group Cohesiveness According to Kassin et al. (2021), Group Cohesiveness is the process in which group members are brought closer based on similarity. A research study by Hawley et al. (2014) explored the black sheep effect concerning judgments among college athletes and non-athletes. Although the results were not conclusive enough to reinforce the hypothesis that the act of judgment would differ between athletes and non-athletes, it did find that athletes may react more negatively when engaging in highly deviant behavior within an athlete (Hawley et al., 2014). Minority Influence Minority Influence is the process by which someone who disagrees with popularly held beliefs produces a change within a group (Kassin et al., 2021). Rees and Wallace (2014) tested this theory by researching whether an individual with a small group of sober friends is more

FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUPS 3 likely to resist a significant group norm of alcohol consumption. The study's results supported that an individual is less likely to consume alcohol if they have a small group of friends that discourage the process of alcohol. Social Impact Theory Social Impact Theory is that social influence depends on the strength, immediacy, and number of source persons relative to target persons (Kassin et al., 2021). In the research study by Rees and Wallace (2014), they sought to find how a person would conform to alcohol consumption if the social influence to drink alcohol were high to the majority of the group was drinking. Conclusion Group Cohesiveness, Minority Influence, and Social Impact Theory are essential topics for individuals to understand the concept of group interactions better and conform to social norms. Group Cohesiveness is the concept of individuals building a bond based on mutual interests. Minority Influence explains the power that a minority group has on an individual's actions. Social Impact Theory explains how an individual’s influence on another person's life can affect a person’s decision. Each individual will interact with a group of some form, so individuals must understand better how they impact their life.

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FUNDAMENTALS OF GROUPS 4 References Hawley, L. R., Hosch, H. M., & Bovaird, J. A. (2014). Exploring Social Identity Theory and the 'Black Sheep Effect' Among College Student-athletes and Non-athletes. Journal of Sport Behavior, 37 (1), 56–76. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/liberty.edu?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly- journals/exploring-social-identity-theory-black-sheep/docview/1564777752/se-2 Kassin, S., Fein, S., & Markus, H. R. (2021). Social psychology (11th ed., pp. 4-47). Cengage. Rees, C., & Wallace, D. (2014). The myth of conformity: Adolescents and abstention from unhealthy drinking behaviors. Social Science & Medicine, pp. 108 , 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.01.040

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