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Discussion 5 Ellen M. Bell Saint Leo University PSY 305 Peggy Samples February 15, 2024

Discussion 5 Practicing ethical consideration in experimental research designs is important for several reasons. In modern times, most research groups have implemented an Institutional Review Board to ensure that ethics are at the forefront of studies, with voluntariness being one of the things they check for (Hill, 2018). Participants need to be able to say “no” if they do not wish to be a part of any testing or research study. More than that, participants should be fully informed of what may happen to them, meaning there should be transparency of what is expected during the study. After reviewing the YouTube videos from CrashCourse and SciShow, I can see that before the 1970’s, many unethical studies were conducted. One sad example is the Tuskegee experiment, a study conducted on 600 black men—300 of whom had syphilis—who were told they were getting free medical care, but really it was to track the progression of the harmful disease (Hill, 2018). Even worse, penicillin was known to cure syphilis, but the researchers allowed the experiment to go on while participants were falling ill. Another example is Henrietta Lacks—her tumor cells were collected without her consent and used to create a HeLa cell line which researcher used for in vitro experiments, which ultimately progressed science (Hill, 2018). Her cells are still being used today for research expansion on the topics of cancer, AIDS, and vaccines; but Henrietta Lacks had no knowledge of her cells being used in the first place. While the researchers’ findings were worthwhile, it poses a serious ethical dilemma. Henrietta Lacks and family were never even compensated for this, despite these breakthrough discoveries being incredibly lucrative. I think these studies were allowed because guidelines were not clearly defined to protect all participants. Many vulnerable populations were chosen in earlier times because the laws did not protect minorities, and I know racism played a part in all this, too. The Tuskegee experiment

was the most impactful for me because it lasted four decades, which is entirely too long for a study that should not have been conducted in this way. Thankfully, the Belmont Report was created with three ethical principles in mind to guide human research: Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice (Green, 2016). For my study, one of ethical questions I am considering is whether sexism is going to skew the data, since the whole point of my research is to see if women are underrepresented in gaming. My hypothesis is that they are, and I want to know if gender roles, possibly pushed by sexism, are contributing to the lack of female representation. Reply Hi Kayla, the Stanford prison experiment is so interesting and yet terrifying. It really highlighted how power and control can corrupt the human ego (maybe superego). While the participants knew they were entering that study, I believe the plug should have been pulled sooner on the experiment when, as you said, they took too far. The Belmont Report was a safeguard created with three ethical principles in mind to guide human research: Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice (Green, 2016). I think the Stanford experiment crossed several ethical lines, despite providing some scientific insight. I respect that you are taking your participants’ wellbeing into consideration. With your study exploring stress and health, you surely would not want to purposefully stress out your participants to analyze those effects on their health. I think you are practicing good ethics by naturally observing your participants.

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Hi Giulia, I like that you called out these unethical experiments as “egregious violations” of the participants. I even hesitated to call the people who were in these studies as “participants” because some did not even know they were participating, or worse, they were lied to about what was happening. I am thankful for the creation of the IRB for current studies, but I wish it had come earlier to spare past grievances. The Belmont Report was another safeguard created with three ethical principles in mind to guide human research: Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice (Green, 2016). Bad ethics is also using someone’s DNA without their knowledge and making a profit from it. You mentioned the case of Henrietta Lacks, whose tumor cells were collected without her consent and used to create a HeLa cell line in which researchers used for in vitro experiments, which ultimately progressed science (Hill, 2018). The fact that her cells are still being used today for research expansion is crazy; but even more maddening is that Henrietta Lacks had no knowledge of her cells being used in the first place. While the researchers’ findings seemed worthwhile, Henrietta Lacks and family were never even compensated for this, despite these breakthrough discoveries being incredibly lucrative.

Reference Green, H. (Narrator). (2016). 5 controversial psychology experiments that would never happen today [Online video]. SciShow. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZ3l1jgmYrY Hill, A. (Narrator). (2018). Henrietta Lacks, the Tuskegee experiment [Online video]. CrashCourse. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzNANZnoiRs

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